Battle of Lanzerath Ridge

The World War II Battle of Lanzerath Ridge was fought on December 16, 1944, the first day of the Battle of the Bulge, near the town of Lanzerath, Belgium. It was fought between 18 men belonging to an American reconnaissance platoon, four U.S. Forward Artillery Observers, and a battalion of about 500 German paratroopers. During a day-long confrontation, the American reconnaissance men inflicted dozens of casualties on the Germans and bottled up the advance along a key route for the 1st SS Panzer Division, which had been selected to spearhead the advance of the entire German 6th Panzer Army.[1]

The Germans finally flanked the American forces at dusk, capturing them. Only one American, a forward artillery observer, was killed, while 14 were wounded: German casualties totaled 92. The Germans paused, believing the woods were filled with more Americans and tanks. Only when SS-Standartenführer Joachim Peiper and his Panzer tanks arrived at midnight, twelve hours behind schedule, did the Germans learn the woods were empty.[2]

Due to lost communications with Battalion and then Regimental headquarters, and the unit's subsequent capture, its disposition and success at delaying the advance of the 6th Panzer Army that day was unknown to the U.S. commanders. Lt. Lyle Bouck considered the wounding of most of his men and the capture of his entire unit a failure.[3] When the war ended five months later, the platoon's men, who were split between two prisoner-of-war camps, just wanted to get home. It was only after the war that Bouck learned that, because his platoon prevented the lead German infantry elements from advancing, the schedule for the armored units' advance was also pushed back by about 20 hours. On October 26, 1981, after considerable lobbying, a Congressional hearing, and letter-writing by Bouck, every member of the unit were finally recognized for their valor that day, making the platoon the most decorated American unit of World War II. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Background
 * 2 Prelude
 * 2.1 Inexperienced American units
 * 2.2 American defensive preparations
 * 2.3 German positions
 * 3 Battle
 * 3.1 German barrage
 * 3.2 German advance
 * 3.3 U.S. artillery unavailable
 * 3.4 German attack
 * 3.5 Conclusion
 * 4 Aftermath
 * 4.1 German armor advance
 * 4.2 Prisoners of war
 * 4.3 Unit recognition
 * 5 References
 * 6 Further reading
 * }

Background
Main articles: Battle of Hürtgen Forest and Battle of AachenPrior to the Battle of the Bulge, the U.S. Army was engaged in a campaign to attack the Roer River dams before invading the rest of Germany. The 99th Infantry Division was supporting the 2nd Infantry Division in their attack on the German West Wall at Wahlerscheid. During two days of hard fighting, the U.S. Army had finally managed to slip through the heavily fortified lines and penetrate the German defenses. The Americans were expecting a counterattack in the area, but their intelligence completely failed to detect the German's movement of hundreds of armored vehicles and tens of thousands of infantry into the region. Much of region was relatively quiet, lending the area the title of "Ghost Front."[2] :44

During early December 1944, the American's defensive line in the Ardennes had a gap south of Losheimergraben. General Leonard T. Gerow, in command of V Corps, recognized this area as a possible avenue of attack by the Germans.[4] This area, which lay between V Corps and Troy H. Middleton's VIII Corps, was undefended; just patrolled by jeep. The patrols in the northern part of the area were conducted by the 99th Infantry Division's 394th Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon, whereas those in the south were conducted by the 18th Cavalry Squadron, 14th Cavalry Group, which was attached to the 106th Infantry Division.

In the border area between Germany and Belgium, there was only one road network that could support a military advance: It was through the area known as the Losheim Gap, a 5 miles (8.0 km) long, narrow valley at the western foot of the Schnee Eifel. This was the key route through which the German Sixth and Fifth Panzer Armies planned to advance.[4]

On December 11, General Walter M. Robertson, commander of the battle-hardened 2nd Infantry Division, was ordered to attack and seize the Roer River dams. In case he had to pull back, he chose Elsenborn Ridge as his defensive line. General Walter E. Lauer, commanding the 99th Infantry Division, was charged with building up the defenses around Elsenborn Ridge. Lauer knew his front was very long and very thinly manned; he gave instructions to his division's soldiers to dig in and build cover for their foxholes.[4]

Inexperienced American units
First Lt. Lyle Bouck Jr., at 20 years old, one of the youngest Lieutenants in the U.S. Army.The troops of the 99th Infantry Division, who lacked battle experience, were deployed to the Ardennes in November 1944, wit the 394th Regiment relieving 9th Infantry Division's 60th Regiment - which unit Major Kriz, the 394th's commanding officer, had fought in during the North African campaign before he was wounded and sent home to recuperate. Among the units were two reconnaissance squads consisting of well-trained soldiers, who had been selected because they were expert marksmen and in peak physical condition.[2] [5] Some of the men were college-educated and were former members of the U.S. Army's abruptly terminated ASTP program. Led by 20 year old Lt. Lyle Bouck, the second youngest man in the unit,[6] :84 for the next few weeks his reconnaissance platoon established and maintained regimental listening and observation posts, conducted patrols behind enemy lines, and gathered information. They lived in a brick building in Hünningen, taking advantage of a basement full of potatoes and a home-made stove to supplement the military C-rations.[2]

The platoon consisted of two nine-man reconnaissance squads and a seven-man headquarters section, which was attached to the 394th regimental S2 section. As the platoon was not intended, nor trained, for combat, they were told to avoid direct engagement with the Germans. Nonetheless, they took part in several missions behind enemy lines,even as far as Losheim 2 miles (3.2 km) behind the front line, to capture enemy soldiers for intelligence. Bouck and several of his men were among the first group in their regiment to be recognized with the Combat Infantry Badge.[3] [5] Most often their patrols consisted of creeping through snow-clogged defiles obscured by fog in an attempt to fix enemy positions.[2]

On December 10, the reconnaissance platoon was ordered by Major Kriz to a new position, about 6 miles (9.7 km) south east of Hünningen, near Lanzerath, Belgium, a village of about 15 homes. The village lay at a critical road junction in the northern part of the Losheim Gap. The 18-man unit was charged by Kriz with plugging a 5 miles (8.0 km) gap in the front line between the 106th Division to the south and the 99th Division to the north. The only reserve was the 394th Infantry Regiment's 3rd Battalion, which was at Bucholz Station. Behind them lay roads that would give the enemy rapid access to the Army's rear and allow them to easily flank the thinly placed 99th Division.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-5">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:58

American defensive preparations
The I&R platoon took over positions on a ridge top immediately northeast of Lanzerath that were formerly occupied by part of the 2nd Infantry Division. They were ordered to improve their foxhole positions and maintain contact with Task Force X, made up of four towed three-inch guns from the 2nd Platoon, Company A, 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion, which was attached to the 14th Cavalry Group, 106th Infantry Division of VIII Corps. They were reinforced by the 22 men of the 820th's 2nd Recon Platoon, commanded by Lieutenant John Arculeer, who were mounted on an armored half-track and two jeeps.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cavanagh2005_6-0">[7] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:}25 Members of the Second Platoon took up positions within two homes inside the village of Lanzerath about 200 yards (180 m) to the southeast. Together, the two units comprised the foremost units in their sector of the American forces facing the Siegfried Line.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-0">[8]

The Americans were attacking through the Siegfried Line at Walerscheid about 5 miles (8.0 km) to the north, and a localized counter-attack was expected. Lt. Bouck followed procedure and ordered his men to build fortifications with interlocking fields of fire. Taking advantage of the foxholes left by the previous unit, they dug them deeper so that two or three men could stand in them and fire from the concealed edges. They covered each hole with 8 inches (20 cm) to 12 inches (30 cm) pine logs. Their hilltop location was just inside the edge of a forest and overlooked a pasture bisected by a 4 feet (1.2 m) high barbed wire fence. Their position covered about 300 yards (270 m) along a shallow ridge line, about 30 feet (9.1 m) above the road and 200 yards (180 m) northwest of the village. Their foxholes extended along the ridge line in a northeast direction, almost to a fork in the road at their left flank.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-6">[2] Snow fell, covering their dug-in fortifications inside the woods, leaving them virtually invisible from the road below.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-7">[2] A camouflaged forest pillbox like those built by the I&R platoonThey took advantage of a small log hut behind their position, which they used as a warming hut. Bouck augmented the unit's weaponry with four extra carbines, two Browning automatic rifles, and one light .30 calibre machine gun. Avoiding official channels, he traded his unit's collection of German memorabilia with an ordnance supply officer for an armored Jeep with a mounted .50 calibre machine gun.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-8">[2] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kingseed_2-2">[3] His men dug an emplacement for the armored jeep and its .50 caliber gun, placing it in enfilade down the road along the German's possible axis of advance.

Once an hour, in an attempt to fill the gap in their sector, they ran a jeep patrol up and down the line to stay in contact with units on their right and left flank and to detect any enemy movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cole_0-1">[1] They hoped they would be relieved soon: "We weren't trained to occupy a defensive position in the front lines. We were trained to patrol and get information about the enemy," Bouck said in an interview 60 years later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_8-0">[9] On the night of December 16, they heard the clanking of armor and the sound of vehicles in the distance; Bouck ordered his men to remain awake. The temperature ranged from 20 °F (−7 °C) to the low 30 °F (−1 °C) during the day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-true_9-0">[10]

German positions
Many of the German units were recent conscripts with very little experience. Sergeant Vinz Kuhlbach's platoon was typical.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-0">[11] Most of his soldiers had little combat experience and even less training. The German units had been formed by conscripting teenage boys and men over 50, men previously rejected as physically unfit for service, wounded soldiers newly released from hospitals, and men transferred from the "jobless" personnel of the shrinking Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe. The German 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, which had previously acquired a superb combat reputation,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-judge_3-3">[4] had been virtually destroyed during the Normandy Invasion in the Falaise pocket. It had been resurrected by using replacements from the 22nd, 51st, and 53rd Luftwaffe Field Regiments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11">[12] The German units were usually organized around small cadres of seasoned veterans. Although they carried the new Schmeisser machine pistol and were equipped with rifle grenades, few had ever fired them in combat. The German recruits were told the American soldiers they faced would not have the nerve to stand and fight. Their officers said the Americans were "a gum-chewing, undisciplined half-breed with no stomach for real war."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-1">[11]

To preserve the available armor, the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, had been ordered to lead the attack through Lanzerath and clear the village before advancing towards Bullingen. The German commanders estimated they would face a full division of U.S. troops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-0">[13]

The German's initial position was east of the German-Belgium border and the Siegfried Line near Losheim. SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's plan was for the Sixth Panzer to advance northwest through Losheimergraben and Bucholz Station and then drive 72 miles (116 km) through Honsfield, Büllingen, and a group of villages named Trois-Ponts, to connect to Belgian Route Nationale N-23, and cross the River Meuse. It was then another 53 miles (85 km) to Antwerp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-9">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:70 Unfortunately for the Germans, during their retreat earlier that autumn they had destroyed the Losheim-Losheimergraben road-bridge over the railway, which prevented their use of this route. While German infantry were able to use the Lanzerath-Losheimergraben road to advance on Losheimergraben, the railroad overpass could not bear the weight of the German armor. On the first day of the offensive, the German engineers were slow to repair the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, thus forcing Peiper's vehicles to take the road through Bucholz Station.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cavanagh2005_6-1">[7] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:34

Once the infantry captured Lanzerath, Sepp Dietrich’s Sixth Panzer Army led by Kampfgruppe SS Standartenführer Joachim Peiper's 1st SS Panzer Division would proceed without delay. The infantry would then secure the right flank of the attack route near Losheimergraben. Despite the losses that had brought the Allies to the border of their homeland, German morale was surprisingly strong.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-1">[13] The men knew the Allies were demanding an unconditional surrender. They were now fighting for the fatherland, defending the soil of their beloved country, not just fighting for Hitler.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-2">[13]

Dietrich knew the plan had flaws. The Germans had captured the same terrain during the summer of 1940 in three days. Now they were being asked to do it in winter in five days. The plan counted on bad weather to keep the Allied planes grounded. Dietrich only had one-quarter the fuel they needed; their plan counted on capturing Allied fuel depots and keeping to an ambitious timetable. Dietrich's assigned route (or Rollbahn) included narrow roads – in many places single-tracks – which would force units of the Kampfgruppe to tail each other, creating a column of infantry and armor up to 25 kilometres (16 mi) long. The roads would prevent the attackers from concentrating their forces in the blitzkrieg fashion which had served them so well in the past.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-3">[13] The main roads designated for their use had many hairpin turns and traversed steep hillsides that would delay his already slow-moving towed artillery and bridging trains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-4">[13] Dietrich knew that a determined fight at one of these critical choke points by even a token U.S. force could seriously impede his schedule. When Hitler's operations officer Generaloberst Alfred Jodl gave him his orders, Dietrich yelled, "I'm a general, not a bloody undertaker!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-5">[13]

German barrage
The northern shoulder of the Battle of the Bulge, in which Bouck's unit held up the German advance through a key intersection near Lanzerath for nearly a full day.On December 16, 1944, at 05:30, the Germans launched a 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-6">[13] across an 80 mile (130 km) front, although the American platoon was only aware of what was happening in their sector. Their first impression was that this was the anticipated counterattack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent into the Siegfried Line.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cole_0-2">[1] Bouck later said: Many shells exploded in the trees, sending shards of steel and wood into the ground, but the men were protected by their reinforced foxholes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-true_9-1">[10] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-2">[11] The German guns cut deep holes the size of trucks in the pasture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-3">[11]

German advance
German infantry began to advance near Losheim before the artillery barrage lifted, preparing to cross the front line as soon as it ended. They marched under the glow of massive searchlights, bouncing light off the clouds. The armor was located farther back, near Blankenheim, Germany. At 8:00, as the sun rose, the American platoon heard explosions and guns around Buchholz Station and Losheimergraben to the east and north where the 3rd and 1st Battalions of the 394th Infantry Division was located. The 55 soldiers of U.S. 2nd Platoon, Company A, 820th Tank Destroyer Battalion, 14th Cavalry Group was initially ordered south to help protect Manderfeld,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-10">[2], but shortly afterwards were redirected to join the active battle near Buchholz Station. They withdrew from the village and left without contacting the I&R platoon. This left the platoon as the only unit in the sector and without armor support.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-11">[2]

Bouck sent James, Slape and Creger to set up an observation post in a house on the eastern side of the village that had been abandoned by Task Force X.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-4">[11] Accompanying them, he spotted in the dawn light a long column of what appeared to be about 500 German troops headed toward them from the east. Their distinctive helmet style told Bouck they were paratroopers, among the best soldiers Germany could field. None of his training or experience prepared him for this situation, outnumbered as he was by perhaps 20 to 1. Bouck and James scrambled back to the ridge top and the rest of their unit. The platoon's telephone land line to 1st Battalion headquarters in Losheimergraben was knocked out, but their SCR-300 radio still worked. Bouck reached Regimental headquarters at Hünningen on the radio and requested permission to withdraw and engage in a delaying action. He was told to "remain in position and reinforcements from the 3rd Battalion will come to support you."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vaessen_13-1">[14]

In town, Creger watched as a forward element of the German infantry advanced, with weapons slung, into Lanzerath. They obviously did not expect to encounter any Americans. Creger radioed Bouck and told him of the Germans advancing through Lanzerath on the road between Creger and Bouck's position. Bouck sent Robinson, McGeehee and Silvola to assist Creger, who crept down to the Bucholz Station road and thence up a ditch towards Lanzerath. Before the three men reached Creger, he left the village using a more direct route. As he returned to the American lines, he engaged and killed or wounded most of a German platoon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wijers2009_14-0">[15] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:81

On the eastern side of the road, Robinson, McGeehee and Silvola attempted to rejoin their platoon, but found the way blocked by German soldiers who threatened to flank them. They decided to head for Losheimergraben and seek reinforcements. They crossed a 20 feet (6.1 m) deep railroad cut and once on the far side encountered soldiers from Fusilier Regiment 27 of the 12th Volksgrenadier Division. Trying to outflank the 1st Battalion, 394th Infantry Regiment in Losheimergraben, they spotted the three men. After a brief firefight, Robinson and McGeehee were wounded and all three were captured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-12">[2]

Germans entered the home that Creger and Slape were using as an observation post. Slape climbed into the attic, while Creger only had time to hide behind a door. He pulled the pin on a grenade as the door knob jammed into his ribs. Bullets from the I&R platoon struck the building, and the Germans suddenly left. Creger and Slape exited by the back door and ducked into a nearby cowshed. They crossed a field and then found themselves in a minefield. Picking their way forward, they circled through the woods until they encountered a handful of Germans. Opening fire, they killed them. Creger and Slape spotted Bouck and Milosovich across the road and sprinted towards them, drawing German fire. They made it back to their ridge-top position and Bouck called Regimental Headquarters. He requested artillery support, but when he reported the German column advancing on his position, the voice on the other end of the radio told him "he must be seeing things". Bouck told them he had 20-20 vision and demanded artillery fire on the road in front of his unit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-13">[2]

U.S. artillery unavailable
But the platoon's position at the southern end of the 99th Division's sector was not only outside their own regimental boundary, it was outside their Division's boundary and V Corps boundary. The division prioritized artillery fire for targets within its boundary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-5">[11] Bouck waited in vain for the sound of incoming artillery. He called Regimental Headquarters again, asking for directions. He was told to "hold at all costs," which essentially meant until dead or captured. Bouck knew that if his platoon gave way, the 99th Division's right flank, already thin and undermanned, could be in grave danger.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-14">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:93 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-6">[11]

Radio operator James Fort attempted to contact headquarters on the SCR-284 radio mounted on a jeep by the command post and found that German martial music jammed the channel. He then used a side-channel and Morse code, hoping the Germans weren't listening, to send a status report to regimental headquarters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershawardennes_15-0">[16]

German attack
As the German forces moved through Lanzerath and in front of their positions, Bouck and his men allowed lead members of the unit to pass, hoping to surprise the Germans. They were preparing to fire on three men who they believed were the Regiment's officers when a girl from the village emerged from one of the homes. Talking to the officers, she pointed in their general direction. An officer yelled a command, and the paratroopers jumped for ditches on either side of the road. The Americans thought she had given their position away and fired on the Germans, wounding several. (In October 2006, more than 50 years later, a writer found the now adult woman, still living in the village. She told him she did not know the Americans were still in the area, and was pointing out the direction the Tank Destroyer unit had departed, towards Bucholz Station.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-true_9-2">[10] )

Four members of a Forward Observation Team from Battery C, 371st Field Artillery had been in the village when the Tank Destroyer unit withdrew. Lieutenant Warren Springer and the other three men, Sergeant Peter Gacki, T/4 Willard Wibben, and T/5 Billy Queen joined Bouck's unit on the ridge where they could continue to observe the enemy movement. Bouck distributed them among the foxholes to help reload magazines and reinforce their position.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-7">[11]

The German infantry deployed and about two platoons of the 2nd Company, 1st Battalion, then attacked<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wijers2009_14-1">[15] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:81 the Americans head-on, bunched together in the open and charging straight up the hill, directly at the platoon's hidden and fortified positions. The Americans were surprised at the inexperienced tactics. For the Americans, it was like "shooting clay ducks in California at an amusement park."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-15">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:99 Several attackers were killed trying to climb over the 4 feet (1.2 m)-high barbed wire fence that bisected the field, often shot at close range with a single shot to the heart or head. Lt. Springer used his jeep-mounted SCR-610 radio to call in coordinates for artillery fire. A few shells landed near the road outside Lanzerath, but they did not hinder the German attack. His jeep was then struck by machine gun fire or mortar shrapnel and his radio was destroyed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-16">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:94

Slape and Milosevich fired continually, as fast as they could reload. Slape thought the Germans were mad to attack in such a suicidal manner, straight across the open field. He later recalled that it was one of the "most beautiful fields of fire" he had ever seen. After only about 30 seconds, the firing stopped. Nearly all of the attacking Germans had been killed or wounded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-17">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:95 McConnell, shot in the shoulder, was the only American casualty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershawardennes_15-1">[16]

During a second attack made around 11:00 am, Milosevich fired the .50 caliber jeep-mounted machine gun until enemy fire drove him back into his foxhole. In both the first and second attack that morning no German soldier got past the fence in the middle of the field. Bodies were piled around it. German medics waved a white flag late in the morning and indicated they wanted to remove the wounded, which the American defenders allowed. The Americans again suffered only one wounded on the second attack, when Pvt. Kalil was struck in the face by a rifle grenade that failed to explode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershawardennes_15-2">[16]

The Germans mounted a third attack late in the afternoon, around 3:00. Several times German soldiers attempted to penetrate the American lines. The Americans left their foxholes and in close combat fired on the attackers to push them back down the hill. At one point PFC Milsovech spotted a medic working on and talking to a soldier he felt certain was already dead. As mortar fire on his position got more accurate, Milsovech noticed a pistol on the supposed medic's belt, and decided he must be calling in fire on their position. He shot and killed him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-18">[2] Bouck contacted Regimental Headquarters once more, seeking reinforcements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eucmh_4-2">[5] At 3:50, Fort sent the unit's last update to Regimental headquarters in Hünningen. He reported they were still receiving some artillery fire but were holding their position against an estimated enemy strength of about 75, who were attempting to advance from Lanzerath towards the railroad to the northwest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cavanagh2005_6-2">[7] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:33

As dusk approach and their ammunition ran dangerously low, Bouck feared they could be flanked at any time. He planned to pull his men back just before dusk, when they would have enough light to escape through the woods. Bouck ordered his men to remove the distributor caps from their Jeeps and to prepare to evacuate to the rear. He dispatched Corporal Sam Jenkins and PFC Preston through the woods to locate Major Kriz at Regimental HQ and seek instructions or reinforcements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershawlanzerath_16-0">[17]

Bouck tried to contact Regimental headquarters on the SCR-300 radio for instructions. A sniper shot the radio as Bouck held it to his ear. The sniper also hit the SCR-284 radio mounted in the Jeep behind Bouck, eliminating any possibility of calling for reinforcements or instructions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-1">[8]

The German troops were reluctant to attack head on once again, and Sergeant Vinz Kulbach pleaded with the officers of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment to allow his men to flank the Americans in the dusk. Fifty men from Fusilier Regiment 27 of the 12th Volksgrenadier Division were dispatched to attack the American's southern flank through the woods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-2">[8] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-8">[11] Just as Bouck was about to blow his whistle to indicate withdrawal, German soldiers penetrated their lines and began overrunning their foxholes. Several attackers were killed by grenades rigged to wires and triggered by Americans in their foxholes. Each of the positions spread out over the ridge top were overrun in turn. Surprisingly, the Germans did not simply kill the defenders in their foxholes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_8-1">[9] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-9">[11] Bouck was pulled from his foxhole by an officer with a machine gun, and he thought he would be shot when the German put his weapon in his back and pulled the trigger; it was empty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-19">[2] Both Bouck and the German officer were then struck by bullets. The German fell seriously wounded, while Bouck was struck in the calf. Sergeant Kuhlbach asked Bouck who was in command, and Bouck replied that he was. Kuhlbach asked him why the Americans were still shooting, and Bouck said it was not his men doing it. Bouck surrendered and helped carry his wounded men down to the village.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershawlanzerath_16-1">[17]

Conclusion
Map showing the progress of the German offensive during December 16–25, 1944. <span style="border-width: 2px 0px 0px; font-size: 40%; border-top-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); border-top-style: solid;"> Front line, December 16 <span style="border-width: 2px 0px 0px; font-size: 40%; border-top-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); border-top-style: dashed;"> Front line, December 20 <span style="border-width: 2px 0px 0px; font-size: 40%; border-top-color: rgb(33, 33, 33); border-top-style: dotted;"> Front line, December 25 <span style="border-width: 2px 0px 0px; font-size: 40%; border-top-color: rgb(19, 0, 204); border-top-style: dashed;"> Allied movements <span style="border-width: 2px 0px 0px; font-size: 40%; border-top-color: rgb(252, 0, 0); border-top-style: dashed;"> German movements During their dawn to dusk fight, the 15 remaining men of the I&R platoon plus the four men of the 371st Artillery Forward Observation Team<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-10">[11] repeatedly engaged elements of the 1st Battalion, 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division of about 500 men. The Germans reported 16 killed, 63 wounded, and 13 missing in action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wijers2009_14-2">[15] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:87 Other reports say the Americans inflicted between 60<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-true_9-3">[10] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vaessen_13-2">[14] and five hundred<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_8-2">[9] casualties on the Germans. Only one American, forward artillery observer Billy Queen, was killed; in Bouck's platoon, 14 out of 18 men were wounded. The small American force had seriously disrupted the schedule of the entire 6th Panzer Army's drive for Antwerp along the entire northern edge of the offensive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-3">[8] After virtually no sleep during the preceding night and a full day of almost non-stop combat, with only a few rounds of ammunition remaining, flanked by a superior enemy force, the platoon and artillery observers were captured.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-war2_10-11">[11]

Aftermath
SS-Standartenführer Joachim Peiper, commander of the 1st SS Panzer Division.The German military took over several homes in Lanzerath and turned them into aid stations for the wounded of both sides. The rest of the homes were commandeered as temporary quarters.

German armor advance
Peiper's troops on the road to MalmedyKampfgruppe Peiper, the lead element of the Sixth Panzer Army's spearhead, 1st SS Panzer Division, consisted of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles. On December 16, it started as much as 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the east in Tondorf, Germany,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[18] and was unable to advance at its scheduled rate because of road congestion. The road from Scheid to Losheim was one solid traffic jam, in part due to two blown railroad overpasses blocking access to Losheimergraben,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouwmeester2004_18-0">[19] but also due to American resistance. Peiper's lead units did not reach Losheim until 7:30 pm, when he was ordered to swing west and join up with the 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouwmeester2004_18-1">[19] which had finally cleared the route through Lanzerath. Peiper was furious about the delay.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hersko_19-0">[20] Enroute to Lanzerath, Peiper's unit lost five tanks and five other armored vehicles to American mines and anti-tank weapons. Kampfgruppe Peiper finally reached Lanzerath near midnight.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouwmeester2004_18-2">[19]

Lt. Bouck, held in Café Scholzen, turned 21 years old at midnight on December 17. At midnight, he watched as a senior German officer (who he later identified as Peiper) attempted to obtain accurate information about the U.S. Army's strength in the area. Peiper was told by Obersturmbannführer i.G. von Hoffman, a former Luftwaffe general staff officer from Berlin and commanding officer of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division, that his men had run into stiff resistance. He reported that the woods and road ahead were packed with American troops and tanks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hersko_19-1">[20] He had bedded his troops down for the night and planned to probe the forest for Americans at first light.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-7">[13] Their expectations of further resistance was all based on the stiff defense offered by Bouck's force of just 18 men.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kingseed_2-3">[3]

Peiper asked the Battalion commander and a Hauptmann (captain) in the same unit about the American resistance. Both said they had not personally seen the Americans, but that the woods were heavily fortified. Peiper learned that no patrols had been conducted into the woods and no one had personally reconnoitered the area. Disgusted, Peiper demanded that von Hoffman give him a battalion of paratroops to accompany his tanks. At 4:30 on December 17, more than 16 hours behind schedule, the 1st SS Panzer Division rolled out of Lanzareth and headed east for Bucholz Station. The entire timetable of their advance on the River Meuse and Antwerp had been seriously slowed, allowing the Americans precious hours to move in reinforcements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-20">[2]

Peiper's lead units entered Bucholz Station without resistance at 5:00 am.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouwmeester2004_18-3">[19] They found only two rifle companies from the 3rd Battalion, 394th Infantry Regiment had been left to defend it; these were quickly captured, except for a headquarters company radio operator. Hidden in a cellar, he called in reports to division headquarters until he was finally captured. Driving east, the Germans entered Honsfield at 6:00 am where his column merged in the dark with an American column. In Honsfield, they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, which was clogged with still sleeping, confused American troops. They killed many, destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners, who were later executed by elements of his force.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cole_0-3">[1] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[21] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Judge1_21-0">[22]

Based on the noise to the northeast, Peiper decided that the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend was encountering more resistance than expected. Unable to contact his division headquarters, and with his vehicles low on fuel, Peiper decided to switch his planned route to the south through Büllingen, where he believed an American fuel depot existed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouwmeester2004_18-4">[19] His units entered the town at 8:00 am and easily captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 l; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hersko_19-2">[20] He was apparently unaware he had nearly taken the town and unknowingly bypassed an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-8">[13] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:31 Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, interested only in hurrying west as quickly as he could.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-9">[13] The unit gained notoriety when on this route they encountered a lightly armored American convoy and apparently murdered 84 U.S. prisoners of war in what became known as the Malmedy massacre.

The German advance never recovered from its initial delay, and Kampfgruppe Peiper only got as far as Stoumont, where the remaining vehicles ran out of fuel and came under heavy attack from American artillery and tanks. Having advanced less than half-way to the River Meuse,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-quarrie_12-10">[13] they were forced to abandon more than a hundred vehicles in the town, including six Tiger II tanks. The soldiers were left to find their own way back to the east on foot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eucmh_4-3">[5] Having started the offensive with about 5,800 men, 60 tanks (some Tigers), 3 flak tanks, 75 half-tracks, 14 20mm Flak Wagons, 27 75mm assault guns, plus 105 and 150mm SP Howitzers, Hitler's prized Kampfgruppe was reduced to 800 S.S. troopers creeping through the brush at night, trying to get back to their own line.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[23]

The task of defeating the 99th Division was the objective of 12th SS Panzer Division reinforced by additional Panzergrenadier and Volksgenadier divisions. On December 17, German engineers repaired one of the road bridges over the railroad along the Losheim-Losheimergraben road and the 12th Division's armor began advancing towards the key road junction at Losheimergraben and the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt. However, in more than ten days of intense battle, they were unable to dislodge the Americans from Elsenborn Ridge, where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-macDonald_23-0">[24]

Due to the determined resistance of the 99th Division, which was composed of relatively inexperienced troops, along with the 2nd and 23rd Divisions, the northern shoulder of the Battle of the Bulge was a sticking point for the entire offensive operation. Had the Americans given way, the German advance would have overrun the vast supply depots around Leige and Spa<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cole_0-4">[1] and possibly have changed the outcome of the Battle of Bulge.

Prisoners of war
The I&R platoon members who were able to walk were sent to Germany. James and Kalil, who were seriously wounded, were loaded onto trucks and eventually transported to hospitals in Frankfurt and Hanover. McConnell, also wounded, ended up like James in Stalag XI-B near Bad Fallingbostel, the most primitive POW camp in Germany<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-21">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:176 where about 6,000 Soviet prisoners had died of typhus during 1941.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">[25] After two days of walking through the cold, Bouck and the remainder of his platoon were loaded into a boxcar in the village of Junkerath. They spent 11 days traveling deep into Germany, as the POW camps were overflowing with prisoners. Their unmarked trains were prime targets for Allied aircraft, who attacked Bouck's train on December 21, killing and wounding several POWs. The prisoners were allowed off only once, and were given only some bread and water during the entire trip.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-22">[2] U.S. 14th Armored Division Infantry of the 19th Armored Infantry Bn. with supporting M4 medium tanks from the 47th Tank Bn. (both units of the 14th Armored Division), during the successful drive to Hammelburg, April 5, 1945, following the failed Task Force Baum of March.Bouck and his men were finally imprisoned in Stalag XIII-D in Nuremberg and later in Stalag XIII-C in Hammelberg, where the non-commissioned and enlisted men were split, with the officers sent to Oflag XIII-B. Corporal Sam Jenkins and PFC Preston were captured before they reached Allied lines, and they later joined Bouck and the rest of the platoon in the prison. The men barely survived, most suffering from the advanced effects of malnutrition. When Task Force Baum from Patton's 4th Armored Division attempted to liberate the camp, Bouck pretended to be a field grade officer and accompanied the task force as it attempted to return to the front lines. However, almost the entire task force was captured or killed, and Bouck was returned to prison for the remainder of the war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-23">[2] When he was freed, he was too weak to file a combat report, and he did not think his men had accomplished that much. "We were in those foxholes and ... what we did was to defend ourselves and try to live through it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn_8-3">[9]

Unit recognition
All who were wounded and captured recovered to return home after the war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-4">[8] In 1965, the U.S. Army published a multi-volume history of World War II, including one on The Ardennes: The Battle of the Bulge. Author Hugh M. Cole only briefly mentioned Bouck's platoon, which upset former platoon member William James (who had changed his name from Tsakanikas). James contacted Bouck and encouraged him to get his men proper recognition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-24">[2]

Bouck contacted his former division commander, Maj. Gen. Walter E. Lauer, who nominated Bouck for a Silver Star. In June 1966, a Silver Star arrived in Bouck's mailbox, but no other platoon member was recognized. Bouck was shortly afterward interviewed by John S. D. Eisenhower for his book The Bitter Woods, which described the actions of the unit in detail. Columnist Jack Anderson unsuccessfully campaigned for William James (Tsakanikas) to be awarded the Medal of Honor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kingseed_2-4">[3] Congressional hearings on the men's action resulted in a recommendation to the Secretary of Defense that Bill James be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. The U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force concurred, but the Marine Corp responded that James failed to show sufficient "intrepidity". The hearings also resulted in Public Law 96-145<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25">[26], which waived the time limitation exclusively for members of the platoon. It was signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 14, 1979.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-25">[2]

On October 26, 1981, after considerable lobbying and letter-writing by Bouck, the men of the unit were finally decorated. Fourteen of the 18 were present at the ceremony hosted by Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh. Every man was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Four received the Distinguished Service Crosses, five Silver Stars, and nine got the Bronze Star with V device for their 10 hour struggle against a 500-man strong German battalion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-della_7-5">[8]

Platoon members and the citations they received were:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-26">[2] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">[27] Lieutenant Warren Springer and his three-man artillery observation unit—Sergeant Peter Gacki, T/4 Willard Wibben, and T/5 Billy Queen- also joined the men in battle. Queen was killed in action before the remainder were captured. All four were awarded the DSC for their valor at Lanzerath.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kershaw_1-27">[2] <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:284
 * First Lt. Lyle J. Bouck Jr. (DSC)
 * Tech. Sgt. William L. Slape (DSC)
 * PFC William James Tsakanikas (DSC)
 * PFC Risto "Milo" Milsovech (DSC)
 * Pvt. Robert D. Adams (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Pvt. Robert D. Baasch (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Sgt. William D. Dustman (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Pvt. Clifford R. Fansher (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * T/3 James Fort (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Cpl. Samuel L. Jenkins (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Pvt. Joseph A. McConnell (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Cpl. Robert H. "Mop" Preston (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Sgt. George H. "Pappy" Redmond (Bronze Star Medal with V device for heroism)
 * Pvt. John B. Creger (Silver Star)
 * Pvt. Louis J. Kalil (Silver Star)
 * Cpl. Aubrey P. "Schnoz" McGeehee (Silver Star)
 * PFC Jordan H. "Pop" Robinson (Silver Star)
 * Pvt. James R. "Sil" Silvola (Silver Star)

In 2004, the book The Longest Winter was published documenting the defensive actions of the platoon. Bouck cooperated with the author, Alex Kershaw, but imposed one condition, "I told him that other authors never wrote about the other men in the platoon, just me. I said I wouldn't talk to him unless he promised that he'd also write about the other men."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28]

On May 12, 2005, veterans of the 99th Infantry Division and local citizens of Lanzerath, Belgium dedicated a monument composed of a small brass plaque alongside a bench and a United States flag to commemorate the fight on the grassy hill overlooking the village.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vaessen_13-3">[14] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[29] Uncommon valor was a common valor In honor and memory of all soldiers who fought here December 16th, 1944 I&R Platoon 394th Regiment

99th Infantry Division==References==
 * 1) ^ a b c d e Cole, Hugh M. (1965).  U.S. Army in World War II: The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge (Chapter 5)  (First ed.). Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept of the Army. Archived from the original on August 07 2010. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_5.htm. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
 * 2) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Kershaw, Alex (October 30, 2005). The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge And the Epic Story of World War II's Most Decorated Platoon. Da Capo Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-306-81440-4.
 * 3) ^ a b c d e Kingseed, Cole Christian (May 5, 2006). Old Glory Stories: American Combat Leadership in World War II (annotated ed.). US Naval Institute Press. p. 345. ISBN 1-59114-440-X.
 * 4) ^ a b c d Judge, Col. David J. (June 16, 2000). "Cavalry in the Gap". http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=85:cavalry-in-the-gap&catid=1:battle-of-the-bulge-us-army&Itemid=6.
 * 5) ^ a b c d "I&R Plat 394th Inf Regt 99th Inf Div Lanzerath 12/44". European Center of Military History. http://www.eucmh.com/2009/02/15/dec-16-1944-lanzerath-ir-39499-id/. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
 * 6) ^ Rusiecki, Stephen M (1996). The Key to the Bulge. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3591-9.
 * 7) ^ a b c Cavanagh, William (2005). The Battle East of Elsenborn. City: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 1-84415-126-3.
 * 8) ^ a b c d e f Della-Giustina, Captain John (January – March 1996). "The Heroic Stand of an Intelligence Platoon:". Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/1996-1/delagius.htm. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
 * 9) ^ a b c d Todd, Brian (December 17, 2004). "A hero remembers the Battle of the Bulge". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/12/16/battle.bulge/index.html.
 * 10) ^ a b c d "The Battle for Lanzerath Hill—The True Story—16 December 1944". http://home.planet.nl/~wijer037/Bulge/Forms/The%2099th%20Infantry%20Division/Lanzerath%20Hill.htm. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
 * 11) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Ardennes Forest". Archived from the original on June 01 2010. http://worldwar2history.info/Bulge/Ardennes.html. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
 * 12) ^ Tomasz Nowakowski; Mariusz Skotnicki; J. Zbiegniewski (in Polish). Jerzy Niemieckie Wojkska Spadochronowe 1936–1945 (German Paratroops from 1936–1944). p. 183.
 * 13) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Quarrie, Bruce (1999). "The Ardennes Offensive: VI Panzer Armee". Osprey Order of Battle Series. Osprey Publishing.
 * 14) ^ a b c d Vaessen, Marcel (May 12, 2005). "U.S.Memorial à Lanzerath". Portal Oberes-Ourtal. http://www.manderfeld.info/content/C_Detail.aspx?ID=166&DB=ADRE&SPR=2/. Retrieved August 13 2010.
 * 15) ^ a b c Wijers, Hans (2009), Battle of the Bulge Volume One: The Losheim Gap, ISBN 978-0-8117-3592-6
 * 16) ^ a b c Kershaw, Alex. "Ardennes Forest". "The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge and the Epic Story of WWII's Most Decorated Platoon". Da Capo Press. http://www.worldwar2history.info/Bulge/Ardennes.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Excerpt
 * 17) ^ a b Kershaw, Alex. "Ardennes Forest". "The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge and the Epic Story of WWII's Most Decorated Platoon". Da Capo Press. http://worldwar2history.info/Bulge/Lanzerath.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011. Excerpt
 * 18) ^ Walden, Greg (January 23, 2010). "Tiger II Tanks of s. SS-Pz.Abt. 501 Engaged in the Ardennes Offensive". Archived from the original on October 29 2010. http://www.ss501panzer.com/Tanks_of_SS501.htm. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
 * 19) ^ a b c d e Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004). "Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper". Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. p. 149. http://ss-peiper.narod.ru/articles/Beginning_of_the_end-The_Leadership_of_SS-Obersturmbahnfuhrer_Jochen_Peiper.pdf?q=peiper.
 * 20) ^ a b c Ralph E. Hersko, Jr. (November 1998). "Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenburn Ridge". HistoryNet.com. http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-the-bulge-us-troops-fight-at-elsenburn-ridge.htm/1. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
 * 21) ^ MacDonald, Charles B. (1984), A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-34226-6 <sup class="reference" style="white-space: nowrap;">:210
 * 22) ^  Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes . October 20, 1947. pp. 4–22. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. http://replay.web.archive.org/20070929133325/http://www.icwc.de/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024.
 * 23) ^ PALFEY, Albert J. (December 27, 1998). "The Trap that Doomed Kampfgruppe Peiper". Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes. http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:the-trap-that-doomed-kampfgruppe-peiper&catid=1:battle-of-the-bulge-us-army&Itemid=6. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
 * 24) ^ MacDonald, Charles B. (1985). A Time for Trumpets, The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge. William Morrow and Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-688-03923-5.
 * 25) ^ "Stalag XIB / 375". Fallingbostel Military Museum. http://www.fallingbostelmilitarymuseum.de/stalag/stalag.htm. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
 * 26) ^ 96th Congress (December 14, 1979). "Public Law 96-145". http://www.cq.com/graphics/sal/96/sal96-145.pdf. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
 * 27) ^ "General Orders No. 26 (Unit Commendations)". Headquarters, Department of the Army. October 29, 1981. http://www.army.mil/USAPA/epubs/pdf/go8126.pdf. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
 * 28) ^ Levins, Harry (December 18, 2004). "New book gives WWII platoon its due finally". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special40/articles/1218lpbulge18Z1.html. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
 * 29) ^ "Lanzerath" (in German). http://www.faehrtensucher.com/ardennen-1944-1945/orte/lanzerath/. Retrieved August 13, 2010.