Fairey Albacore

The Fairey Albacore was a British single-engine carrier-borne biplane torpedo bomber built by Fairey Aviation between 1939 and 1943 for the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm and used during the Second World War. It had a three-man crew and was designed for spotting and reconnaissance as well as level bombing, dive bombing and as a torpedo bomber. The Albacore, popularly known as the "Applecore", was conceived as a replacement for the aging Fairey Swordfish, which had entered service in 1936. However, the Albacore served with the Swordfish and was retired before it, being replaced by the Fairey Barracuda and Grumman Avenger monoplane torpedo bombers. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Design and development
 * 2 Operational history
 * 3 Operators
 * 4 Surviving Aircraft
 * 5 Specifications (Albacore)
 * 6 See also
 * 7 References
 * 8 External links
 * }

Design and development
The Albacore prototypes were built to meet Specification S.41/36 for a three-seat TSR (torpedo/spotter/reconnaissance) for the FAA to replace the Swordfish. The Albacore was designated TBR (torpedo/bomber/reconnaissance) and unlike the Swordfish, was fully capable of dive bombing: "The Albacore was designed for diving at speeds up to 215 knots(400 km/h) lAS with flaps either up or down, and it was certainly steady in a dive, recovery being easy and smooth..."[1] and the maximum under wing bomb load was 4 x 500 lb bombs.[2] The Albacore had a more powerful engine than the Swordfish and was more aerodynamically refined. It offered the crew an enclosed and heated cockpit. The Albacore also had features such as an automatic liferaft ejection system which triggered in the event of the aircraft ditching.[3]

The first of two prototypes flew on 12 December 1938[4] and production of the first batch of 98 aircraft began in 1939. Early Albacores were fitted with the Bristol Taurus II engine and those built later received the more powerful Taurus XII. Boscombe Down testing of the Albacore and Taurus II engine, in February 1940, showed a maximum speed of 160 mph (258 km/h), at an altitude of 4,800 ft (1,463 m), at 11,570 lb (5,259 kg), which was achieved with four under-wing depth charges, while maximum speed without the depth charges was 172 mph (277 km/h).[5] An Albacore fitted with the Taurus II engine and carrying a torpedo weighed 11,100 lb (5,045 kg).[6]

A total of 800 Albacores were built.[7] [8]

Operational history
Fairey Albacore N4389, 827 Naval Air Squadron, HMS Victorious. Shot down during raid on Kirkenes, July 1941. Salvaged, rebuilt and now on display in the FAA MuseumNo. 826 Naval Air Squadron was specially formed to operate the first Albacores in March 1940,[9] being used for attacks against harbours and shipping in the English Channel, operating from shore bases, and for convoy escort for the rest of 1940.  Formidable 's 826 and 829 Squadrons were the first to operate the Albacore from a carrier, with operations starting in November 1940.[10] Initially, the Albacore suffered from reliability problems with the Taurus engine, although these were later solved, so that the failure rate was no worse than the Pegasus that equipped the Swordfish.[11] It remained less popular than the Swordfish, however, as it was less agile, with the controls being too heavy for a pilot to take effective evasive action after dropping a torpedo.[11]

Eventually, there were 15 first-line FAA squadrons equipped with the Albacore[9] which operated widely in the Mediterranean. Albacores played a prominent role in the ill-fated raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo in July 1941. More successfully they participated in the Battle of Cape Matapan and the fighting at El Alamein as well as supporting the landings at Sicily and Salerno. During the period September 1941 to end of June 1943, No. 828 Squadron, based at RAF Hal Far, Malta, operated a squadron of Albacores under some of the most severe blitzconditions imaginable during the siege of Malta, mainly against Italian shipping and shore targets in Sicily. Albacore in flight. The markings place it around 1940.On 9 March 1942, 12 Albacores from HMS Victorious were launched to attack the German Bismarck class battleship  Tirpitz  at sea near Narvik. Based on information from one of six radar equipped aircraft already launched, Albacores from 817 and 832 Squadrons launched torpedoes and some also attacked with their machine guns. A courageous attack came within 30 ft of success at the bow but ultimately the FAA's only torpedo attack on the Tirpitz at sea failed with the loss of two aircraft and damage to many of the others.

In 1943, the Albacore was progressively replaced in Fleet Air Arm service by the Barracuda. The last FAA Albacore squadron, No. 841 Squadron, (which had been used for shore based attacks against shipping in the Channel for the whole of its career with the Albacore),[9] disbanded in late 1943.

The Royal Air Force deployed some Albacores; No. 36 Squadron based at Singapore acquired five to supplement its Vickers Vildebeests at RAF Seletar in December 1941.[12] The remnants of the squadron was captured by the Japanese in March 1942. In 1943, No. 415 Squadron RCAF was equipped with Albacores (presumably ex-FAA) before the Flight operating them was transferred and reformed as 119 Squadron at RAF Manston in July 1944. The squadron deployed later to Belgian airfields. Their Albacores were disposed of in early 1945 in favour of ASV-radar equipped Swordfish Mk.IIIs that the squadron kept until the end of the war in May.[13] The Aden Communication Flight used 17 Albacores between the middle of 1944 and August 1946. Some of these were delivered by sea on the SS Empire Arun in December 1945 (all from Royal Navy stock).

The Royal Canadian Air Force took over the Albacores and used them during the Normandy invasion, for a similar role until July 1944.

Operators

 * Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force
 * No. 415 Squadron RCAF
 * United Kingdom
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 36 Squadron RAF<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bloody_v1_p146_11-1">[12]
 * No. 119 Squadron RAF
 * Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13">[14]

Surviving Aircraft
Albacore (N4389) at the Fleet Air Arm MuseumOnly one Albacore is known to exist, it is displayed at the Fleet Air Arm Museum. It was built using parts of Albacores N4389 and N4172, that were both recovered from crash sites.

Specifications (Albacore)
<p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 90%;">Data from The British Bomber since 1914<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mason_p323_6-1">[7]

General characteristics Performance Armament
 * Crew: Three
 * Length: 39 ft 10 in (12.14 m)
 * Wingspan: 50 ft 0 in (15.24 m)
 * Height: 14 ft 2 in (4.62 m)
 * Wing area: 623 ft² (57.9 m²)
 * Empty weight: 7,250 lb (3,295 kg)
 * Loaded weight: 10,460 lb (4,755 kg)
 * Max. takeoff weight: 12,600 lb<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thetford_naval_8-3">[9] (5,727 kg)
 * Powerplant: 1 × Bristol Taurus II (Taurus XII) 14-cylinder radial engine, 1,065 hp (1,130 hp) (794 kW (840 kw))
 * Maximum speed: 140 kn (161 mph, 259 km/h)
 * Cruise speed: 122 kn (140 mph, 225 km/h) (maximum cruise)
 * Stall speed: 47 kn<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ferry_pilots_notes_14-0">[15] (54 mph, 87 km/h) (flaps down)
 * Range: 817 nmi<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[16] (930 mi, 1,497 km) (with torpedo)
 * Service ceiling: 20,700 ft (6,310 m)
 * Climb to 6000 ft 8 min


 * Guns:
 * 1 × fixed, forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) machine gun in starboard wing
 * 1 or 2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine guns in rear cockpit.
 * Bombs: 1 × 1,670 lb (760 kg) torpedo or 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombs

[edit] See also

 * Related development
 * Fairey Swordfish
 * Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
 * Fieseler Fi 167
 * Nakajima B5N
 * TBD Devastator
 * Related lists
 * List of aircraft of World War II
 * List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm