Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū

Hiryū (飛龍 ?, "Flying Dragon") was a modified Sōryū-class aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy. She was one of the carriers that began the Pacific War with the attack on Pearl Harbor. After being heavily damaged by air attacks 4 June 1942 at the Battle of Midway, Hiryu sank on 5 June 1942. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Design
 * 2 History
 * 2.1 Early Operations
 * 2.2 Midway
 * 3 Ships in class
 * 4 Notes
 * 5 References
 * 6 Bibliography
 * 7 External links
 * }

Design
The ship was built within the specifications of the Washington Naval Treaty that was in place at the time, which placed limits on its tonnage and armament. As a result, the Sōryū and Hiryū were relatively small as fleet aircraft carriers compared to their contemporaries during World War II, carrying around 70 aircraft. Compared to her near sister Sōryū, Hiryū was almost four feet greater of beam, 2,000 tons heavier, and had her island superstructure placed on the port side and farther aft on her flight deck.[1]

The Hiryū was also built with the deficiencies of the  Ryujo  in mind,[2] which suffered from topweight problems as well as a small flight deck that delayed flight operations. Compared to the Ryujo, the Hiryu had a larger flight deck, hull and an endurance distance extended by nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 km).

The port side island was an unusual arrangement; the only other carrier to share this feature was the Japanese aircraft carrier  Akagi . The Akagi and the Hiryū were intended to work in a tactical formation with starboard-sided carriers, in order to improve the flight pattern around the formation, but the experiment was not continued beyond those two carriers.[3]

Early Operations
In 1941, commanded by Captain Tomeo Kaku, Hiryū was assigned to Carrier Division 2. On 7 December 1941 she was with the Strike Force in the attack on Pearl Harbor. She launched one wave of planes against the island of Oahu: ten Kates targeted  Arizona ,  California , eight Kates targeted  West Virginia ,  Oklahoma , and  Helena  and six Zeros attacked US air bases at Wheeler Field and Barbers Point.

From 21 December to 23 December she launched air strikes against Wake Island. In January 1942 she supported the invasion of Ambon in the Moluccas. On 19 February 1942, together with her sister ship  Sōryū  she launched an air strike against Darwin, Australia.

In March 1942 she took part in the battle of the Java Sea and attacked Allied shipping at Tjilatjep and Christmas Island. On March 5 she sank the Dutch freighter Poelau Bras with approximately 340 people on deck, many of whom died.[4] [5] In April 1942 she took part in the Indian Ocean raid, striking Royal Navy bases at Colombo and Trincomalee Ceylon and helping to sink the cruisers  Cornwall ,  Dorsetshire , the aircraft carrier  Hermes , and her escort destroyer  Vampire .

On 19 April 1942 she pursued the US carriers  Hornet  and  Enterprise  after they launched the Doolittle Raid, but failed to catch them.

Midway
In May 1942, Hiryū sailed on her final mission. Her aircraft complement consisted of 21 Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters, 21 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers, and 21 Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers.[6] On 4 June 1942 she took part in the battle of Midway. At 4:30 am she launched a strike against Midway Island, destroying planes and damaging installations. An American carrier-plane attack around 10:25 am disabled IJN carriers  Kaga ,  Sōryū  and  Akagi  but left Hiryū untouched. She proceeded to launch two waves of planes at 10:50 am and 12:45 pm against the American carrier  Yorktown , heavily damaging her with bombs and torpedoes and leaving her dead in the water (she was sunk the next day by Japanese submarine  I-168 ).[7] Hiryū shortly before sinking during the Battle of MidwayBy 4 pm, Admiral Yamaguchi decided to launch a third strike against the American carriers at dusk (approximately 6 pm), though at this point in the battle Hiryū had only four air-worthy dive-bombers and five torpedo-planes left. She also retained nineteen of her own Zero fighters on board as well as a further thirteen Zeros on combat air patrol (a composite force left over from the carriers Akagi, Kaga and Sōryū).[8]

While preparing to launch a third strike, Hiryū was attacked at 5:03 pm by 13 SBD Dauntless dive bombers from  Enterprise  and hit with four 1000 lb (453.6 kg) bombs, three on the forward flight deck and one on or near the forward elevator. The explosions started fires among the aircraft on the hangar deck. The forward half of the flight deck collapsed into the hangar bay while part of the elevator was hurled against the ship's bridge.[8]

Although Hiryū's propulsion was not affected, the fires could not be brought under control. At 9:23 pm her engines stopped, and at 1:58 am a major explosion rocked the ship. The order to abandon ship was given shortly afterwards and the survivors were taken off by the destroyers  Kazagumo  and  Makigumo . Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi and Captain Kaku remained on board as Hiryū was scuttled at 5:10 am by torpedoes from Makigumo. She sank at 9:12 am, taking 35 men down with her (another 350 or so had been killed by the bombs, fires and explosions). Thirty-five were rescued by the US Navy and taken prisoner. Admiral Yamaguchi's insistence on going down with his carrier robbed the Japanese of one of their most experienced and aggressive carrier admirals.

Ships in class
Hiryū under B-17 attack in the battle of Midway== Notes==
 * 1) ^ "Soryu-class Aircraft Carrier". combinedfleet.com. http://combinedfleet.com/ships/soryu. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
 * 2) ^  The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II . http://books.google.com/books?id=dosAfJErYnsC&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&source=bl&ots=3HvptbWwg_&sig=2fDQ39kaLstUv5-d8ySrfcY2_38#PPA464,M1. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
 * 3) ^ http://www.hazegray.org/faq/smn5.htm#E9 The enlarged bridge design created turbulence, causing far greater deck accidents in the Hiryū than her sister carrier.
 * 4) ^ L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Dutch Maritime Disasters in the Dutch East Indies, 1941-1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/loss.html.
 * 5) ^ L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Interview with Franciscus Johannes Zantvoort". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/zantvoort.html.
 * 6) ^ "Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942". US Navy History & Heritage Command. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-6.htm. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
 * 7) ^ Hiryu @ www.history.navy.mil
 * 8) ^ a b Parshall/Tully, p.323-327