German Type VII submarine

Type VII U-boats were the most common type of German World War II U-boat. The Type VII was based on earlier German submarine designs going back to the World War I Type UB III, designed through the Dutch dummy company Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw den Haag (I.v.S) which was set up by Germany after World War I in order to maintain and develop German submarine technology and to circumvent the limitations set by the Treaty of Versailles, and was built by shipyards around the world. The Finnish Vetehinen class and Spanish Type E-1 also provided some of the basis for the Type VII design. These designs led to the Type VII along with Type I, the latter being built in AG Weser shipyard in Bremen, Germany. The production of Type I was cut down only after two boats; the reasons for this are not certain and range from political decisions to faults of the type. The design of the Type I was further used in the development of the Type VII and Type IX. Type VII submarines were the most widely used U-boats of the war and were the most produced submarine class in history, with 703 built.[4] The type had several modifications. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Type VIIA
 * 1.1 List of Type VIIA submarines
 * 2 Type VIIB
 * 2.1 List of Type VIIB submarines
 * 3 Type VIIC
 * 3.1 U-flak "Flak Traps"
 * 4 Type VIIC/41
 * 4.1 List of Type VIIC/41 submarines
 * 5 Views
 * 6 Type VIIC/42
 * 7 Type VIID
 * 7.1 List of Type VIID submarines
 * 8 Type VIIF
 * 9 Specifications
 * 10 Notes
 * 11 References
 * 12 Further reading
 * 13 External links
 * }

[edit] Type VIIA
Type VIIA U-boats were designed in 1933-34 as the first series of a new generation of attack U-boats.[5] Most Type VIIA U-boats were constructed at Deschimag AG Weser in Bremen with the exception of U-33 through U-36, which were built at Germaniawerft, Kiel. Type VIIA U-boats were generally popular with their crews and much more powerful than the smaller Type II U-boats they replaced, with four bow and one external stern torpedo tubes. Usually carrying 11 torpedoes on board, they were very agile on the surface and mounted the 88 mm fast-firing deck gun with about 220 rounds.[5]

Ten Type VIIA boats were built between 1935 and 1937. All but two Type VIIA U-boats were sunk during World War II ( U-29  and  U-30 , both scuttled in Kupfermühlen Bay on 4 May 1945).[5]

The boat was powered on the surface by two MAN AG, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels giving a total of 2,100 to 2,310 brake horsepower (1,600 to 1,720 kW) at 470 to 485 rpm. When submerged it was propelled by two BBC GG UB 720/8 electric motors giving a total of 750 horsepower (560 kW) at 322 rpm.[5]

[edit] Type VIIB
The VIIA had limited fuel capacity, so 24 Type VIIB boats were built between 1936 and 1940 with an additional 33 tons of fuel in external saddle tanks which added another 2500 miles (4625 km) of range at 10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced.[26] They were slightly faster than the VIIA, and had two rudders for greater agility. The torpedo armament was improved by moving the aft tube to the inside of the boat. Now an additional aft torpedo could be carried below the deck plating of the aft torpedo room (which also served as the electric motor room) and two watertight compartments under the upper deck could hold two additional torpedoes giving it a total of 14 torpedoes. The only exception was  U-83 , which lacked a stern tube and carried only 12 torpedoes.[26] Prien's VIIB U-47 (model)Prien's U-47 (model)Type VIIBs included many of the most famous U-boats of World War II, including  U-48  (the most successful), Prien's  U-47 , Kretschmer's  U-99 , and Schepke's  U-100 .[26]

On the surface the boat was powered by two supercharged MAN, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels (except for U-45 to U-50, U-83, U-85, U-87, U-99, U-100, and U-102 which were powered by two supercharged Germaniawerft 6-cylinder, 4-stroke F46 diesels) giving a total of 2,800 to 3,200 bhp (2,400 kW) at 470 to 490 rpm. When submerged, the boat was powered by two AEG GU 460/8-276 (except in U-45, U-46, U-49, U-51, U-52, U-54, U-73 to U-76, U-99 and U-100 which retained the BBC motor of the VIIA) electric motors giving a total of 750 shp (560 kW) at 295 rpm.[26]

[edit] Type VIIC
A cross-section of a Type VIIC U-boat.miniature model of a Type VIIC.The Type VIIC was the workhorse of the German U-boat force, with 568 commissioned from 1940 to 1945.[74] The first VIIC boat commissioned was the  U-69  in 1940. The Type VIIC was an effective fighting machine and was seen almost everywhere U-boats operated, although its range of only 6,500 nautical miles was not as great as that of the larger Type IX (11,000 nautical miles), severely limiting the time it could spend in the far reaches of the western and southern Atlantic without refueling from a tender or U-boat tanker.[74] The VIIC came into service toward the end of the first "Happy Time"[Note 6] near the beginning of the war and was still the most numerous type in service when Allied anti-submarine efforts finally defeated the U-boat campaign in late 1943 and 1944.[74]

Type VIIC differed from the VIIB only in the addition of an active sonar and a few minor mechanical improvements, making it 2 feet longer and 8 tons heavier. Speed and range were essentially the same. Many of these boats were fitted with snorkels in 1944 and 1945.[74]

They had the same torpedo tube arrangement as their predecessors, except for  U-72 ,  U-78 ,  U-80 ,  U-554 , and  U-555 , which had only two bow tubes, and for  U-203 ,  U-331 ,  U-351 ,  U-401 ,  U-431 , and  U-651 , which had no stern tube.[74]

On the surface the boats (except for  U-88 ,  U-90  and  U-132  to  U-136  which used MAN M6V40/46s) were propelled by two supercharged Germaniawerft, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels totaling 2,800 to 3,200 hp (2,100 to 2,400 kW) at 470 to 490 rpm.[74]

For submerged propulsion, several different electric motors were used. Early models used the VIIB configuration of two AEG GU 460/8-276 electric motors, totaling 750 hp (560 kW) with a max rpm of 296, while newer boats used two BBC (Brown Boveri & Co) GG UB 720/8, two GL (Garbe Lahmeyer) RP 137/c electric motors or two SSW (Siemens-Schuckert-Werke) GU 343/38-8 electric motors with the same power output as the AEG motors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIIC_78-6">[74]

Perhaps the most famous VIIC boat was  U-96 , featured in the movie Das Boot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIIC_78-7">[74]

[edit] U-flak "Flak Traps"
The concept of the "U-flak" or "Flak Trap" originated the previous year, on 31 August 1942, when  U-256  was seriously damaged by aircraft. Rather than scrap the boat, it was decided to refit her as a heavily-armed anti-aircraft boat intended to combat the losses being inflicted by Allied aircraft in the Bay of Biscay. Two 20 mm quadruple Flakvierling mounts and an experimental 37 mm automatic gun were installed on the U-flaks' decks. A battery of 86 mm line-carrying anti-aircraft rockets was tested (similar to a device used by the British in the defense of airfields), but this idea proved unworkable. At times, two additional single 20 mm guns were also mounted. The submarines' limited fuel capacities restricted them to operations only within the Bay of Biscay. Only five torpedoes were carried, preloaded in the tubes, to free up space needed for additional gun crew.

Four VIIC boats were modified for use as surface escorts for U-boats departing and returning to French Atlantic bases. These "U-flak" boats were  U-441 ,  U-256 ,  U-621 , and  U-951 . Conversion began on three others ( U-211 ,  U-263 , and  U-271 ) but none was completed and they were eventually returned to duty as standard VIIC attack boats.

The modified boats became operational in June 1943 and at first appeared to be successful against a surprised Royal Air Force. Hoping that the extra firepower might allow the boats to survive relentless British air attacks in the Bay of Biscay and reach their operational areas, Donitz ordered the boats to cross the bay in groups at maximum speed. The effort earned the Germans about two more months of relatively limited freedom, until the RAF modified their tactics. When a pilot saw that a U-boat was going to fight on the surface, he held off attacking and called in reinforcements. When several aircraft had arrived, they all attacked at once. If the U-boat dived, surface vessels were called to the scene to scour the area with sonar and drop depth charges. The British also began equipping some aircraft with rockets that could sink a U-boat with a single hit, finally making it too dangerous for a U-boat to attempt to fight it out on the surface regardless of its armament.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Flak_Traps_80-0">[75] In November 1943, less than six months after the experiment began, it was discontinued. All U-flaks were converted back to standard attack boats and fitted with Turm 4, the standard anti-aircraft armament for U-boats at the time. (According to German sources, only six aircraft had been shot down by the U-flaks in six missions, three by U-441, and one each by U-256, U-621, and  U-953 .)

[edit] Type VIIC/41
Type VIIC/41 U-995. Laboe Naval MemorialType VIIC/41 was a slightly modified version of the VIIC and had the same armament and engines. The difference was a stronger pressure hull giving them a deeper test depth and lighter machinery to compensate for the added steel in the hull, making them slightly lighter than the VIIC. A total of 91 were built; all of them from  U-1271  onwards lacked the fittings to handle mines.

Today one Type VIIC/41 still exists:  U-995  is on display at Laboe (north of Kiel), the only surviving Type VII in the world.

[edit] List of Type VIIC/41 submarines
There were 91 Type VIIC/41 submarines commissioned.

[edit] Views

 * VIIC submarine U 995 in Laboe
 * E-machine room, behind the diesel engine room
 * Control of E-machines
 * Diesel engine room
 * Pressure bulkhead behind the central
 * View of the central in the tower
 * Central, behind the bow compartment
 * Front area with the four torpedo tubes
 * Tower with 2 × 2 × 2-cm and 1 × 3.7-cm antiaircraft gun

[edit] Type VIIC/42
The Type VIIC/42 was designed in 1942 and 1943 to replace the aging Type VIIC. It would have had a much stronger pressure hull, with skin thickness up to 28 mm, and would have dived twice as deep as the previous VIICs. These boats would have been very similar in external appearance to the VIIC/41 but with two periscopes in the tower and would have carried two more torpedoes.

Contracts were signed for 164 boats and a few boats were laid down, but all were cancelled on 30 September 1943 in favor of the new Type XXI, and none was advanced enough in construction to be launched.

It was powered by the same engines as the VIIC.

[edit] Type VIID
The type VIID boats, designed in 1939 and 1940, were a lengthened - by 10 m (32 ft 10 in) - version of the VIIC for use as a minelayer. The mines were carried in, and released from, three banks of five vertical tubes just aft of the conning tower.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIID_81-0">[76] The extended hull also improved fuel and food storage.

On the surface the boat used two supercharged Germaniawerft, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke F46 diesels delivering 3,200 bhp (2,400 kW) at between 470 to 490 rpm. When submerged the boat used two AEG GU 460/8-276 electric motors giving a total of 750 shp (560 kW) at 285 rpm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIID_81-1">[76]

Only one (U-218) managed to survive the war; the other five were sunk, killing all crew members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIID_81-2">[76]

[edit] Type VIIF
The Type VIIF boats were designed in 1941 as supply boats to rearm U-boats at sea once they had used up their torpeodes. This required a lengthened hull and they were the largest and heaviest type VII boats built. They were armed identically with the other Type VIIs except that they could have up to 39 torpedoes onboard and had no deck guns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIIF_93-0">[88]

Only four Type VIIFs were built. Two of them,  U-1062  and  U-1059 , were sent to support the Monsun Gruppe in the Far East;  U-1060  and  U-1061  remained in the Atlantic. Type VIIF U-boats used the same engines as the Type VIID class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-VIIF_93-1">[88] Three were sunk during the war, the last was scuttled after the war along with the majority of the surrendered U boats

[edit] Notes

 * 1) ^ post war; U-1057, U 1058, U 1064, U 1305 as respectively TS-14, S-81 – S-84
 * 2) ^ post war - U-995 and two others
 * 3) ^ U-570 as HMS Graph (P715)
 * 4) ^ U-471/Mille (S609), U-766/Laubie (S610)
 * 5) ^ G-7/U-573
 * 6) ^ U-boat ace Otto Kretchmer took issue with use of the term "Happy Time." He didn't see how the U-boat war could ever be characterized as having a "Happy Time" when losses of U-boats and crews were running at 50%. (See interview on YouTube.)
 * 7) ^ 2 MAN, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels totalling 2,100 - 2,310bhp. Max rpm: 470-485.
 * 8) ^ 2 supercharged MAN, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels totalling 2,800 - 3,200bhp. Max rpm: 470-490.
 * 9) ^ 2 supercharged Germaniawerft, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke M6V 40/46 diesels totalling 2,800 - 3,200bhp. Max rpm: 470-490.
 * 10) ^ Same as VIIC
 * 11) ^ Same as VIIC
 * 12) ^ 2 supercharged Germaniawerft, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke F46 diesels totalling 2,800 - 3,200bhp. Max rpm: 470-490.
 * 13) ^ Same as VIID.
 * 14) ^ 2 Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 electric motors, totalling 750shp. Max rpm: 322.
 * 15) ^ 2 AEG GU 460/8-276 electric motors, totalling 750shp. Max rpm: 295.
 * 16) ^ Same as VIIA or VIIB, 2 Siemens-Schuckert Werke GU 343/38-8 electric motors, totalling 750shp and max rpm: 296 or 2 Garbe Lahmeyer RP 137/c electric motors, totalling 750shp and max rpm: 296.
 * 17) ^ Same as VIIC
 * 18) ^ Same as VIIC
 * 19) ^ 2 AEG GU 460/8-276 electric motors, totalling 750shp. Max rpm: 285
 * 20) ^ Same as VIID
 * 21) ^ A small number of VIIC boats were fitted with only two forward tubes
 * 22) ^ A small number of VIIC boats were fitted with no stern tube
 * 23) ^ 39 Torpedoes were carried in the transport role
 * 24) ^ None of the boats were ready by the end of the war

[edit] References

 * 1) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Helgason, Guðmundur. "Type VIIC". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/types/viic.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 2) ^ Eberhard Möller, Werner Brack  The Encyclopedia of U-Boats  pp 69-73
 * 3) ^ Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two ISBN 0-87021-459-4 p.251
 * 4) ^ "Type VII U-Boat". German U-Boat. Uboataces.com. http://www.uboataces.com/uboat-type-vii.shtml. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 5) ^ a b c d Helgason, Guðmundur. "Type VIIA". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/types/viia.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 6) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-27". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u27.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 7) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-27". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u27.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 8) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-28". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u28.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 9) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-28". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u28.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 10) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-29". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u29.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 11) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-29". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u29.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 12) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-30". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u30.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 13) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-30". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u30.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 14) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-31". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u31.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 15) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-31". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u31.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 16) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-32". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u32.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 17) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-32". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u32.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 18) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-33". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u33.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 19) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-33". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u33.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 20) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-34". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u34.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 21) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-34". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u34.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 22) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-35". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u35.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 23) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-35". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u35.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 24) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-36". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u36.htm. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
 * 25) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-36". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u36.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 26) ^ a b c d Helgason, Guðmundur. "Type VIIB". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/types/viib.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 27) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-45". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u45.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 28) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-45". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u45.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 29) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-46". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u46.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 30) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-46". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u46.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 31) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-47". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u47.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 32) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-47". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u47.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 33) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-48". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u48.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 34) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-48". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u48.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 35) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-49". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u49.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 36) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-49". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u49.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 37) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-50". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u50.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 38) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-50". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u50.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 39) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-51". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u51.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 40) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-51". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u51.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 41) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-52". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u52.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 42) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-52". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u52.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 43) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-53". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u53.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 44) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-53". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u53.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 45) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-54". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u54.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 46) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-55". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u55.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 47) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-55". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u55.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 48) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-73". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u73.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 49) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-73". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u73.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 50) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-74". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u74.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 51) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-74". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u74.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 52) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-75". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u75.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 53) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-75". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u75.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 54) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-76". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u76.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 55) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-76". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u76.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 56) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-83". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u83.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 57) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-83". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u83.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 58) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-84". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u84.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 59) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-84". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u84.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 60) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-85". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u85.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 61) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-85". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u85.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 62) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-86". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u86.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 63) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-86". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u86.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 64) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-87". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u87.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 65) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Ships hit by U-87". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/successes/u87.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
 * 66) ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "U-99". U-Boat War in World War II. Uboat.net. http://www.uboat.net/boats/u99.htm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
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[edit] Further reading

 * Rossler, Eberhard (1981). The U-Boat. Annapolis, Maryland (USA): Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-966-9.
 * Stern, Robert C. (1991). Type VII U-boats. Annapolis, Maryland (USA): Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-828-3.