German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin

The Pinguin was a German auxiliary cruiser (Hilfskreuzer) which served as a commerce raider in World War II. The Pinguin was known to the Kriegsmarine as Schiff 33, and designated HSK 5. The most successful commerce raider of the war, she was known to the British Royal Navy as Raider F. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Early history
 * 2 Pinguin voyage
 * 2.1 Domingo de Larrinaga
 * 2.2 Filefjell captured
 * 2.3 British Commander
 * 2.4 Morviken
 * 2.5 Filefjell sunk
 * 2.6 Trafalgar
 * 2.7 Benavon
 * 2.8 Nordvard
 * 2.9 Storstad
 * 2.10 Passat and mine laying
 * 2.11 Nowshera
 * 2.12 Maimoa
 * 2.13 Port Brisbane
 * 2.14 Port Wellington
 * 2.15 Atlantis rendezvous
 * 2.16 Norwegian whaling fleet captured
 * 2.17 Replenishment
 * 2.18 Empire Light
 * 2.19 Clan Buchanan
 * 2.20 British Emperor
 * 2.21 Sinking
 * 3 Raiding career
 * 4 References
 * 5 Bibliography
 * 6 Notes
 * 7 External links
 * }

Early history
Formerly a freighter named Kandelfels, she was built by Deschimag A.G. Weser in 1936, and was owned and operated by the Hansa Line, Bremen. She was the sister-ship of the Kybfels, and a half-sister of the Goldenfels (built by Bremer Vulkan), which was converted into the raider  Atlantis .

In the winter of 1939/40, she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine (KM) and converted to a warship by Deschimag A.G. Weser, Bremen. Her main armament, six 150 mm L/45 C/13 guns was taken from the obsolete battleship  Schlesien  and she was also fitted with one 75 mm cannon, one twin 37 mm anti-aircraft mounting, four 20 mm anti-aircraft guns, and two single 53.3 cm torpedo tubes for 16 torpedoes. She was supplied with two Heinkel He 114A-2 seaplanes and 300 seamines. She also carried 25 G7a torpedoes and 80 U-Boat mines for replenishing U-Boats.

Pinguin voyage
Pinguin was one of the first wave of raiders sent out by the Kriegsmarine, sailing on 15 June 1940[1] under the command of Fregattenkapitän (later Kapitän zur See) Ernst-Felix Krüder and disguised as an anonymous naval transport ship with an escort from the minesweeper Nautilus. The escort duties were taken over by the Sperrbrecher IV on 18 June and later by the Möwe-class torpedo-boat Falke and the Wolf-class Jaguar. The convoy then sailed through the Great Belt into the Kattegat.

The three-ship convoy passed through the Skagerrak on the 19 June with Luftwaffe air cover from a Dornier Do-18 flying boat and two fighters and entered the North Sea. Her escort was reinforced with the minesweepers M17 and M18, and they headed up the coast of Norway, passing Bergen on 20 June where the torpedo boats departed. Schiff 33 and the minesweepers carrying on northwards to Sörgulenfjord. In the fjord the grey German auxiliary Schiff 33 was transformed into a black-hulled Soviet cargo ship Petschura with hammer and sickle markings. They emerged from the fjord on the 22 June en route to the Denmark Strait. Schiff 33 ' s mission was to rendezvous with and replenish submarine U-A off the Cape Verde and then to disrupt traffic in the Indian Ocean and lay mines off Australian and Indian ports. She was then to head south to seek out the British and Norwegian whaling fleets in Antarctica.[2] [Note 1]

The convoy headed into heavy weather and high winds and the two minesweepers turned back. Sailing westwards at 15 knots a surfacing submarine was spotted and on sighting the Petschura disappeared. Assuming it was British the Petschura headed northwards to give the impression of a ‘Soviet’ ship headed for Murmansk. Surfacing again the submarine increased speed and gave chase signalling first "What ship?" and on being ignored "Heave to, or we open fire!"[3] The Petschura continued at full speed and left the submarine behind. The Petschura continued northeasterly up the coast of Norway.

On the 28 June Pinguin headed south surrounded by icebergs. She inched southwards until June 29 she sailed through the Denmark Strait in to the Atlantic on 1 July to rendezvous with U-A on 18 July. On 10 July she was re-camouflaged as the Greek Kassos.

On 18 July U-A had serious engine troubles and because of bad weather it was not safe to transfer the torpedoes, water and stores. They decided to seek calmer waters to the south transferring 70 tons of diesel fuel to the submarine en route. On 20 July in calmer waters 700 miles south-west of the Cape Verde they started the replenishment. It was first time a submarine was ever re-supplied at sea by a raider. Unable to come alongside because of the risk of damaging her hydroplanes the first day was spent improvising methods to close the gap. The eleven torpedoes had to be ferried across on flotation bags and it was not completed until 25 July. The Pinguin then continued south towing U-A to save fuel until the shipping lanes off Freetown where the U-Boat unsuccessfully pursued a tanker. Pinguin then towed her again until 28 July.

Domingo de Larrinaga
On 31 July three hundred miles north-west of Ascension Island, a ship was sighted. It also spotted the raider and turned away sending a QQQ signal. Trying to jam the distress signals the Pinguin gave chase. She ran up her battle flag and dropped its camouflage signaling to the vessel to stop and not to use her wireless or she would be fired upon. When the commands were ignored warning shots were fired across her bows from her 75 mm gun. Four more warning shots were fired but she did not stop the distress signals continued and her crew were seen to be manning their stern-mounted gun. The Pinguin opened fire with her main armament on the freighter's bridge with several hits. The freighter on fire slowed to a halt and her crew were seen to be abandoning ship. The British freighter Domingo de Larrinaga was on her way from Bahía Blanca to Newcastle with 7,000 tons of grain and a crew of thirty-six. A heavily-armed boarding party found eight crewmen dead on the ship. The party included the Pinguin ' s surgeon and two sick bay attendants were sent to care for the wounded. Scuttling charges were placed in the freighter's engine room. The charges failed to explode and she had to be sunk by a torpedo. The survivors were taken on board the Pinguin.[4]

Filefjell captured
On 20 August the Pinguin rounded the Cape of Good Hope. On 26 August south of Madagascar one of the Pinguin ' s seaplanes with RAF markings was launched.[5] It found a tanker and the pilot dropped a message onto its deck ordering her to "Alter cours to 180° distance 140 miles on account of vicinity of enemy raider" "From that point take up cours direct to 31°N 37°E" "thence you get further informations" "Do not use wireless".[5] This was to try to lead her straight to the Pinguin. The tanker appeared to obey this command later was found trying to escape at top speed. The plane was relaunched. When it found her again it ripped away her radio aerials and strafed her bridge with cannon and machine gun fire.[6] The plane set down and ordered her to "Remain stopping here" "cruiser Cumberland will go with you" and to show her navigation lights. The tanker was loaded with 10,000 tons of high-octane aviation fuel and 500 tons of oil surrendered and switched on its lights.[7] Guided by the lights the Pinguin arrived and its boarding party identified the vessel as the Norwegian ship Filefjell chartered by the British Admiralty on her way from the Persian Gulf to Cape Town. A prize crew was placed on board the tanker. It was decided to take the Filefjell to a quiet area to transfer the 500 tons of oil to the Pinguin.[8]

British Commander
On 27 August a ship was spotted sailing blacked-out and with no lights. The Filefjell was ordered to drop back. The Pinguin shadowed the ship for an hour then signalled for her to stop and had a warning shot fired across her bows. The ship obeyed and identifying itself as the tanker British Commander. She then radioed QQQ distress signals giving her position and reported that she was being attacked by a merchant raider.[5] The Pinguin ' s searchlight spotted that the enemy's 4-inch gun mounted on her stern had been manned and ordered its gunners to open fire. The tanker was hit several times and set on fire. The tanker captain stopped the ship and instructed his crew to abandon ship. A torpedo failed to sink her and forty 150 mm shells were then fired to sink her. The Pinguin then picked up the tankers 45-man crew[7] and headed out into the Indian Ocean at full speed.

Morviken
Another freighter was then spotted. The Pinguin came along side. It signalled to her that she would sink her if she did not stop. A 75 mm warning shot was fired across her bows. The ship then halted with no resistance and no signal sent. It was identified by the boarding party as the Norwegian ship Morviken. It was heading for Calcutta from Cape Town. The crew of 35 was taken on board along with her motor-cutter then the ship was scuttled.[9]

Filefjell sunk
The Pinguin and the Filefjell sailed south-east away from the shipping routes to transfer the 500 tons of fuel oil and then scuttling charges were set on the Filefjell.[8] The charges detonated but the ship did not explode. 75 mm gunfire was then used to try and sink her, but two 150 mm shells were needed to ignite the petrol in the tanks sending a massive fireball into the sky.

Trafalgar
It was decided that Pinguin should adopt the identity of the Wilhelmsen cargo-liner Trafalgar.[5] On 31 August the transformation took place at a remote spot. The Pinguin drifted for five days until 5 September. The Pinguin then launched its seaplane to survey the area but it crashed on take off. The plane burst into flames and sank. The crew were in the water. The ship's only radio telephone was on the plane. It operated on a wavelength undetectable to Allied shipping. The Pinguin ' s technicians needed calm weather to assemble the second aircraft that was stowed below in a crate. The Pinguin had lost the ability to silence enemy radios by tearing away their aerials and that future enemy ships that sent signals would have to be fired on increasing the chance of crews being killed. By 10 September work was completed on the Pinguin and it had a black hull with a white band all the way around, white upperworks and a black funnel with two light blue bands.

Benavon
It was decided to make one more sortie off Madagascar before heading for Australian waters to lay mines. On 12 September early a freighter was spotted 330 miles east of the island. The Pinguin closed fast on a deliberate ‘collision course’ the freighter maintained hers in accordance with the International Collision Regulations until the two ships were just over a mile apart. At this point the freighter sounded a long warning blast of its whistle. The freighter turned away from the raider. The Pinguin ran up its battle ensign and de-camouflaged. The freighter crew manned her 4-inch gun and increased her speed to escape. The freighter was signalled to stop and a 75 mm warning shot was fired. The freighter fired back hitting the Pinguin with a shell that ricocheted off the surface of the sea and pierced her port side ending up in the crew's quarters close to the storage compartment containing three hundred high-explosive mines. The shells fired by the Benavon had no fuse caps fitted and it did not explode. One of Pinguin ' s crew picked up the shell with his cap and threw it through the hole it had made in the ship's hull into the sea. The Pinguin fired back putting the freighters gun and wireless out of action. It destroyed most of her lifeboats and set her on fire. The freighter's captain gave the order to abandon ship but the bridge was hit and he was killed along with his deck officers and radio operator. A boarding party found five men on board three of them wounded. They and the twenty-four others that had already abandon ship were taken on board the Pinguin. The total number of survivors was twenty-eight. The ship was identified as the British freighter Benavon on her way to London from Manila and Singapore with a cargo of hemp, jute and rubber.[8] It had a crew of forty-nine and was armed with one 4-inch and one 3-inch anti-aircraft gun. Three of the wounded died of their injuries after boarding the Pinguin and they were buried with full military honours.

Nordvard
The Pinguin was instructed by Seekriegsleitung set course eastward along the busy sea route between Australia and South Africa. Four days later on 16 September a ship was sighted and stopped without any signals being sent no gunfire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-4">[5] The ship was identified by the boarding party as the Norwegian ship Nordvard en route from Fremantle to Port Elizabeth with a cargo of 7,500 tons of Australian grain and a crew of thirty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-5">[5] A prize crew was put aboard the ship along with over hundred prisoners and was sent to Bordeaux and arrived there on 22 November.

Storstad
The Pinguin headed north-eastwards towards the Sunda Strait to the shipping lanes between India and Australia. On 27 September the sea was calm enough to allow the spare seaplane to be assembled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-6">[5] Ernst-Felix Krüder and his navigation officer Leutnant Wilhelm Michaelson conceived and developed a plan to lay mines in six Australian and Tasmanian sea lanes but it would require two ships. On 7 October off Christmas Island a vessel crossing the raider's path was flagged down and ordered to stop with a 75 mm warning shot. The vessel stopped and surrendered. The vessel was identified as the Norwegian motor-tanker Storstad carrying a cargo of 12,000 tons of diesel oil and 500 tons of heavy fuel oil.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-3">[8] She was on her way from British North Borneo to Melbourne. The Storstad was suitable for use as an auxiliary minelayer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10">[10] Under a prize crew the Storstad was taken to a remote spot between Java and the north-west tip of Australia to be converted into an auxiliary minelayer. The Storstad was stripped and her after accommodation space was transformed into a mine deck with launching rails. One hundred and ten mines were transferred from the Pinguin in the motorboat that was taken from the Morviken.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-4">[8] 1,200 tons of the diesel oil was transferred from the Storstad to the Pinguin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11">[11]

Passat and mine laying
The Storstad was commissioned into the German Navy as the auxiliary minelayer Passat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12">[12] The Passat was placed under the command of Lieutenant Erich Warning and had a crew of three officers, eight petty officers and nineteen ratings plus five members of her original Norwegian crew who volunteered to work in the engine room. On 12 October the Passat headed for the Banks Strait off Tasmania and for the east and west ends of the Bass Strait on the approaches to Melbourne. The Pinguin headed for the ports of Sydney, Newcastle, Hobart and laid mines also off the coast of Adelaide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-7">[5] Between 28 October and 7 November the two ships laid their mine and arranged to meet again 700 miles west of Perth on 15 November. On 7 November refrigerated cargo liner  Cambridge  hit one of the Passat ' s mines and sank at the eastern approach to the Bass Strait with the loss of one man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-8">[5] On 9 November at the western end of the strait American freighter  City of Rayville  hit another of its mines sinking with the loss of only one man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-9">[5] On 5 December mines laid by the Pinguin sank the Australian coaster  Nimbin  with the loss of seven men.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13">[13] On 7 December another Pinguin mine badly damaging the Hertford.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14">[14] On 26 March 1941 the fishing trawler Millimumul sank with the loss of one man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[15] On 15 November the two ships rendezvoused at a point 700 miles west of Perth. The two ships maintained strict radio silence during the month-long operation.

Nowshera
On 16 November the Passat was de-commissioned and resumed her original name of Storstad. Her German crew was reduced to eighteen and twenty Norwegian volunteers supplementing the five already on board. The Storstad was instructed to act as a scout ship for the Pinguin. The two ships headed northwards before swinging westwards. On 17 November smoke was sighted on the horizon ahead of a large freighter. The Pinguin pinned the freighter in the beam of her searchlight. A warning shot was put across her bows. The freighter was signalled to stop and maintain radio silence or she would be fired upon. The freighter halted. A boarding party identified the ship as the British motor ship Nowshera on her way from Adelaide to Durban and the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-murrayarmstrong.com_16-0">[16] Her cargo was zinc ore, wheat, wool and other assorted piece goods. The freighter had a crew of one hundred and thirteen. She was armed with a Japanese-made 4-inch gun on her stern and an even older Lewis machine gun on the bridge. Whatever goods and provisions the Pinguin needed was taken from the Nowshera and she was then scuttled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-murrayarmstrong.com_16-1">[16]

Maimoa
The Pinguin then departed southwards. On 20 November smoke was spotted on the horizon. The Pinguin established that it was from a large westbound cargo ship. The Pinguin launched its newly-assembled seaplane in order to snatch the ship's wireless aerials or if necessary to bomb her. The seaplane failed to snatch the aerials on its first attempt. The aircrew then dropped a weighted bag onto the ship's bridge with a message commanding her captain to stop his engines and to maintain radio silence or be attacked. The commands were not obeyed, and the ship's radio operator sent signals reporting that they were being attacked from the air. The seaplane then dropped two small bombs in front of the ship. A second attempt was made to snatch the aerials which succeeded. The seaplane came under machine-gun and rifle fire hitting it several times. The seaplane fired back. The seaplane was forced to land on the water with a perforated petrol tank and one of its floats damaged. The aircrew crouched down in the cockpit, expecting the freighter's gunners to finish them off, which they could easily have done. The Pinguin slowed down to half speed and in a risky manoeuvre ‘dropped’ a boat with a three-man crew beside the seaplane then pursued the cargo ship. The Pinguin ' s battle flag was hoisted and at the maximum effective range of twelve miles for the 150 mm guns she opened fire. Two salvos were fired, one long and the other falling short, forcing the cargo ship to a halt. A boarding party identified the ship as the coal-burning refrigeration ship Maimoa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[17] The ship was en route to the UK from Fremantle via Durban. Its cargo was 5,000 tons of frozen meat, 1,500 tons of butter, 1,500 tons of grain, 16 million eggs packed and 100 tons of piece goods. The ship was scuttled and her crew of eighty-seven was taken on board the Pinguin. The next morning the seaplane was hoisted back on board the Pinguin.

Port Brisbane
The Storstad reported an enemy freighter was nearby.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-10">[5] The Pinguin closed in on the freighter. When it was pitch dark the Pinguin fixed her searchlight beam on the freighter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-5">[8] A warning shot was fired and she was signalled to stop and maintain radio silence. The searchlight beam revealed two manned 6-inch guns on the freighter's after deck so the Pinguin opened fire on the freighter. All eight shots of the first salvo registering hits. The freighter's radio room was destroyed killing the radio operator and the bridge was set on fire. The funnel was smashed and the steering gear was jammed sending her around in circles. The crew then abandoned ship. The ship was identified as the refrigerated freighter Port Brisbane.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[18] The freighter was on her way from Adelaide to Britain via Durban. She had a cargo of 5,000 tons of frozen meat, butter and cheese and 3,000 tons of wool, lead and piece goods. The Port Brisbane had a crew of eighty-seven but only sixty men and one woman passenger were picked up by the Pinguin. The other twenty-seven slipped away in a lifeboat in the darkness. Scuttling charges failed to sink the Port Brisbane quickly enough so a torpedo was fired to finish her off. After unsuccessfully looking for the missing lifeboat the Pinguin headed south-westwards.

Port Wellington
The Pinguin headed south and then west followed by the Storstad. By 28 November the Pinguin ' s appearance had been altered by being painted black. Two days later the Storstad reported a ship on the horizon. The Storstad was sent to a rendezvous point. The Pinguin closed to within a mile of other ship and opened fire without warning. The first salvo destroying the control centre and the radio room killing the radio operator and mortally wounding the ships captain. The ship's steering gear was out of action and she was on fire. The ship was identified as the British refrigerated freighter Port Wellington sister ship of the Port Brisbane.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">[19] The Port Wellington was bound for England from Adelaide via Durban. She was armed with two 6-inch and one 3-inch gun. The Port Wellington was carrying 4,400 tons of frozen meat, butter, eggs, and cheese and 1,750 tons of steel, 1,200 tons of wheat. She had a crew of eighty-two and seven passengers. Eighty-one of the crewmen including the wounded captain (who would later die from his injuries on board the Pinguin) and the seven passengers, all of who were women, were picked up by the Pinguin. The Port Wellington was then scuttled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-11">[5]

Atlantis rendezvous
From the eleven ships sunk by the Pinguin she had four hundred and five prisoners on board. Ernst-Felix Krüder notified Seekriegsleitung that he was sending them to Europe on board the Storstad. The Storstad still had 12,000 tons of diesel oil on board and 3,000 tons of diesel oil was transferred to the Pinguin before she left. It was arranged for the  Atlantis ,  Komet  and the  Orion  to be re-fueled by the Storstad. On 8 December The Pinguin and the Atlantis met in the western Indian Ocean. The next day the Storstad arrived and the re-fuelling commenced. The Pinguin then set course southwards for her rendezvous with the whaling fleets in the Antarctic Ocean south of Bouvet Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hilfskreuzer_9-1">[9]

Norwegian whaling fleet captured
On 17 December Seekriegsleitung signalled that the whaling fleet was to be found in the area around South Georgia and that the names of the Norwegian factory ships involved were the Harpon, Pelagos, Thorshammer, Vestfjord and Ole Wegger. All of the factory ships were under British charter. On Christmas Eve the Pinguin the intercepted open-frequency chatter between two of the factory ships the Ole Wegger and the Pelagos. They learned that the whalers were awaiting a supply ship which was overdue, that the Pelagos was short of fuel and that the Ole Wegger ' s whale oil tanks were full to capacity. The Ole Wegger offered to transfer some of her surplus fuel to the Pelagos.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-1">[2] Ernst-Felix Krüder decided that they would wait until the two ships were transferring the oil before making any move on them as they would be unmanoeuverable.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-2">[2] Another intercepted signal established that the approaching supply ship was the Norwegian whale-oil tanker Solglimt. The Solglimt first attended to the Thorshammer which was operating 400 miles to the south-west. Ernst-Felix Krüder then decided to wait for the Solglimt to arrive. On 13 January 1941 the Solglimt arrived and tied up alongside the Ole Wegger. On the 14 of January as the two ships lay side by side the Pinguin approached from the west.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-3">[2] The Pinguin slipped alongside the Solglimt and the two ships were ordered to maintain radio silence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-4">[2] The Pinguin launched two prize crews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-5">[2] The Solglimt had 4,000 tons of whale oil and 4,000 tons of fuel. She had a crew of sixty. The Ole Wegger had 7,000 tons of whale oil and 5,500 tons of fuel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-12">[5] She had a crew of one hundred and ninety. Both ships were captured within forty-five minutes. The Norwegian captains were told to continue with their whaling and that the Reich would pay them for their work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-13">[5] The Pinguin dispatched a motor boat to round up the whalers, three of which managed to escape. The remaining four, the Torlyn, Pol VIII,  Pol IX  and Pol X, were captured without incident.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-6">[2]

In order to confuse the Norwegians the Pinguin sailed in the opposite direction to where the third factory ship was. Once out of sight she turned and approached the brightly-lit vessel in dense fog. Coming in at full speed to within 200 metres the Pinguin signalled warnings and dispatched prize crews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-7">[2] The factory ship Pelagos was captured within minutes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-14">[5] Its several catchers were nearby engaged in their work. The Pelagos had 9,500 tons of whale oil and 800 tons of fuel. It had a crew of two hundred and ten. The captain of the Pelagos was instructed to recall his catchers. The catchers were the Star XIV, Star XIX, Star XX, Star XXI, Star XXII, Star XXIII and Star XXIV.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[20]

The Pinguin ' s operation against the Norwegian whaling fleet was the single most successful performance by a German auxiliary cruiser during World War II.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-15">[5] More than 36,000 tons of shipping, a supply-ship, two factory ships, eleven whalers, 20,000 tons of whale oil with a valued of over four million US dollars, and 10,000 tons of fuel oil were captured. This was all done without a single shot being fired and without any casualties. The Norwegians continued to work as if nothing had happened and made no effort to resist. The Pinguin then made a five-day dash at top-speed to the north-west past Bouvet Island and over half-way to the South Sandwich Islands. Her wireless operators sent a long coded message home knowing that every wireless station in the region would pick it up and discover his position. The Pinguin then sailed back to the captured Norwegian fleet. The Pinguin intercepted a variety of British signals confirming the success of the ploy. The fifteen-ships set off eastwards with the Pinguin in the lead and the three factory and supply ships at the rear. The Pinguin could not provide prize crews for all the ships. The Ole Wegger transferred 7,000 tons of whale oil to the Solglimt ' s storage tanks. The Solglimt and the Pelagos then departed on 25 January with their 10,000 tons of whale oil to France, the Pelagos reaching Bordeaux on 11 March and the Solglimt on 16 March. Instructions from Seekriegsleitung told the Pinguin to bring the Ole Wegger and all eleven of the catchers to a mid-Atlantic rendezvous at Point Andalusia north of the island of Tristan da Cunha. There the Pinguin was to meet the tanker Nordmark.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-16">[5] On board the Nordmark was prize crews for the remaining whalers. The Pinguin met the Nordmark on 15 February.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">[21] The Nordmark was towing the refrigerator ship Herzogin. The Herzogin was the former British ship the Duquesa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-6">[8] On 18 February the supply-ship Alstertor arrived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-17">[5] The Alstertor had a fresh supply of torpedoes, mines, a crated Arado Ar-196 seaplane and mail for the Pinguin ' s crew.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-7">[8] They then proceed with the whaling ships to the Kerguelen Islands, where the replenishing could take place in safety. The Herzogin which supplied half the German Navy with meat and eggs had run out of everything that could be burned to keep her refrigeration plant working. Her entire bridge structure, lifeboat derricks, masts and all teak decking had been burned and she was going to have to be sunk. The Pinguin was restocked with 360,000 eggs, 47 sides of beef, 410 sheep and 17 sacks of oxtails from Herzogin before the scuttling charges were set. The Ole Wegger and ten of the catchers arrived at the rendezvous and they were manned with skeleton crews of armed Germans before departing for Europe. The newest catcher the Pol IX, was retained as an auxiliary minelayer and renamed the Adjutant.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-18">[5] Two of the catchers Star XIX and Star XXIV were stopped by the British sloop HMSScarborough off Cape Finisterre on 13 March. The German crews scuttled them and were then picked up by the British. The Ole Wegger and the other eight catchers arrived at Bordeaux on 20 March.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Norwegian_Victims_of_Pinguin_1-8">[2]

Replenishment
The Pinguin received orders to rendezvous with the  Kormoran  to the south of Saint Helena on 25 February in order to deliver 210 kilos of the white metal WM80. The Pinguin headed south past the Prince Edward Islands and Crozet Island. The Pinguin rendezvoused with the  Komet  120 miles east of the Kerguelen Islands on 12 March. The Adjutant was sent ahead to take soundings at the entrances to the various bays and inlets of the Islands so that the Pinguin could steer clear rocks. The Pinguin followed the Adjutant into Gazelle Bay the sheltered natural harbour at Port Couvreux and tied up alongside the her on 13 March. The Komet departed on 14 March. The replenishment of the Pinguin began and one of the first items to be hoisted out of the Alstertor ' s holds was the Arado Ar-196 seaplane. The Adjutant was converted into an auxiliary minelayer for her role in mining the approaches to the port of Karachi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-8">[8] The Pinguin ' s hull was scraped and cleaned of marine growth and barnacles by careening the ship from one side to the other to expose the hull. The new seaplane was assembled and the Pinguin ' s appearance was changed to take on the identity of the Norwegian liner Tamerlane. The Pinguin replenished her water supply from a waterfall using a gravity-feed system. By 22 March the replenishing of supplies from the Alstertor was complete. The Pinguin and the Adjutant departed the islands on 25 March.

Empire Light
The Pinguin and the Adjutant headed north-eastwards for a rendezvous with a former Norwegian tanker and a supply-ship at Point Siberia unaware that they had both been sunk. They spent a short time cruising the area around the Saya de Malha Bank before heading northwards. The Pinguin and the Adjutant spent the next three weeks searching to the north and south of the Seychelles. The Pinguin ' s seaplane made thirty-five flights looking for a tanker that would be a suitable auxiliary minelayer without success. On 24 April the Adjutant searching further to the north off the island of Mahé came across a large freighter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-19">[5] The vessel's course and speed was reported to the Pinguin. On the following day the Pinguin steamed past the Adjutant at full speed and opened fire shooting the freighter's wireless aerials away and crippling her steering gear with the first salvo bringing her to a halt. The Pinguin dispatched a boarding party which identified the vessel as the British freighter Empire Light. She was on her way from Madras to Durban. The Empire Light had a cargo of ore, hides and piece goods. She had a crew of seventy. Her steering had been so badly disabled that it could not be repaired and had to be scuttled.

Clan Buchanan
On 27 April the Pinguin ' s seaplane spotted a ship. The Pinguin chased this ship for five hours until another freighter was spotted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[22] The first vessel was let go and the Pinguin turned after the second one. The Pinguin opened fire on the freighter from 5,000 meters the next morning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-20">[5] The freighter's radio room and steering gear was destroyed. The second salvo blew her 4.7-inch gun into the engine room and she was abandoned by her 110-man crew. Signals had been transmitted from an auxiliary wireless but they were weak. The freighter was identified as the British Clan Buchanan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-21">[5] She was en route from the United States to Madras. The Clan Buchanan had a cargo of military equipment. Her steering gear had been destroyed so she was scuttled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ahoy.tk-jk.net_5-22">[5]

British Emperor
The Pinguin altered course towards the shipping routes between the Persian Gulf and Mozambique. The Adjutant was given instructions to proceed to Point Violet in the event of enemy activity. The Clan Buchanan ' s signals had been picked up by two stations. This resulted in the mobilisation of powerful naval forces on both sides of the Indian Ocean. The Pinguin was searching for a tanker to the north-west of the Indian Ocean near to the entrance of the Persian Gulf. On 7 May a small tanker was spotted. The Pinguin signaled to the tanker to heave to, but she refused to obey her radio operator transmitted distress signals describing their attacker and identifying herself as the British tanker British Emperor. The Pinguin ' s gunners fired a salvo of deliberate near misses to encourage the British Emperor to stop. The British Emperor held her course and continued sending SOS messages. The Pinguin then fired a salvo that destroyed the tanker's bridge and wheelhouse. The British Emperor veered off course and went round in circles trailing dense black smoke as her cargo ignited. The British Emperor came to a halt and the crew were seen jumping overboard. The Pinguin sent boats to pick them up. While the Pinguin ' s rescue party was alongside the British Emperor more distress signals were detected coming from the tanker. When the Pinguin ' s rescue boats hauled off the blazing tanker the raider's guns opened fire again tearing away the bridge structure and silencing the signals. In order to sink the British Emperor as quickly as possible a torpedo was fired. The torpedo began to circle requiring the Pinguin to turn sharply to her starboard. The torpedo passed twenty meters in front of the Pinguin ' s bows. A second torpedo missed the tanker but the third hit the British Emperor square amidships sinking her. The Pinguin departed south-eastwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hilfskreuzer_9-2">[9]

Sinking
The British Emperor ' s SOS signals were picked up as far away as Germany. They were also picked up on board the British cruiser Cornwall (56) five hundred miles to the south of the Pinguin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_23-0">[23] The Cornwall altered course to the north on the assumption that the Pinguin would probably be heading south. The Pinguin was heading south. On 8 May the Pinguin spotted the silhouette of a British warship on the horizon. The Pinguin immediately altered course away from it at maximum speed in a south-westerly direction. The Cornwall ' s Supermarine Walrus searching the surrounding seas spotted the disguised Pinguin but was anxious not to attack an innocent ship. The Walrus returned four hours later and circled the Pinguin. The aircrew saw what appeared to be a typical Norwegian freighter. The Pinguin was flying the Norwegian ensign and had the name Tamerlane displayed on both sides of her bridge. The Cornwall was just sixty-five miles away from the Pinguin. The Pinguin ' s crew were wearing typical merchant marine clothing. The Walrus returned again an hour and a half later requesting the ship's identity, cargo and port of destination. The silhouette outline of the Tamerlane shown in the Talbot Booth shipping register Merchant Ships matched what the Walrus's observer had seen. The Tamerlane was not among the names on the list of merchant ships known to be in the area at that time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_23-1">[23] The Walrus aircrew had suspicions. The Cornwall at full speed headed south-west and launched one of his seaplanes on the way. The Pinguin ' s lookouts spotted the Cornwall fast approaching. The Pinguin ' s crew were called to action stations. The Pinguin ' s guns remain concealed as she was still depending on her disguise as long as she could. The Pinguin send raider reports identifying herself as the Norwegian Tamerlane and claiming that she was being attacked by a German warship. The Cornwall ' s wireless operator reported that the signals were being sent on a British Merchant Navy transmitter. The Cornwall radioed to the circling Walrus to inform the 'Norwegians' that the ship bearing down on them was British and to order them to heave to. The Pinguin adopted the classic defensive response of presenting her stern. The Cornwall closed to within 20,000 meters of the Pinguin and signalled to her three times by lamp ordering her to "Heave to, or I fire!". A warning shot was fired from one of the Cornwall ' s 8-inch guns high and to the left of the Pinguin. The warning signals were repeated and another warning shot was fired. The Cornwall ' s second Walrus was prepared for launching armed with two 250-pound bombs. It was ordered to drop the first bomb in front of the fleeing Pinguin and if that failed to halt her the second bomb was to be dropped on her forecastle. The Cornwall closed to 12,000 meters of the Pinguin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Royal_New_Zealand_Navy_23-2">[23]

At 1714 on 8 May 1941 as the range of 8,000 metres the Pinguin dropped her disguise, ran up his battle flag, turned sharply to port to bring his full broadside to bear and opened up with five guns simultaneously, straddling the Cornwall. The Cornwall suffered a failure in the electrical circuit that controlled the training of her main gun turrets. The Cornwall broke off and retired out of range of the Pinguin ' s all too accurate guns to carry out repairs. The Cornwall suffered a complete breakdown in the telephone link between the bridge and the guns and the line to the aircraft catapult. An officer was dispatched aft to order the waiting Walrus to bomb the Pinguin. The Walrus suffered splinter damage and was unable to take off. The Pinguin registered her first direct hit putting the Cornwall ' s engine-room telegraph out of action and severing crucial wiring in her steering system. The Cornwall was put out of control. Another hit on the Cornwall started a small fire. Out of range of the Pinguin ' s guns the damage to her turret circuits on the Cornwall had been repaired. The first Walrus was spotting for the Cornwall ' s gunners and soon began to straddle the Pinguin. The Cornwall registered her first hit bringing down the foremast. Ernst-Felix Krüder gave the orders to release the prisoners and to set the scuttling charges and abandon ship. At that very moment a four-gun salvo from the Cornwall ' s 8-inch forward turrets destroyed the Pinguin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRUISE_OF_THE_RAIDER_HK-33_8-9">[8] The first shell struck the foredeck wiping out the two 150 mm guns on the forecastle head and their crews. The second shell hit the meteorological office and shattered the bridge killing Krüder and all but one other instantly. The third shell devastated the engine room. The fourth shell exploded in Hold Number 5 detonating the 130 high-explosive mines stored there ripping the after part of the Pinguin to pieces. Flame were sent thousands of feet into the air. Fragments of the Pinguin were scattered across the surface of the sea. The Pinguin was gone within five seconds.

From beginning to end the action had lasted just 27 minutes. The Pinguin had fired over 200 shells at the Cornwall. The Cornwall fired 136. The Cornwall ' s boats picked up sixty members of the Pinguin ' s crew and twenty-four of her former prisoners. Of the 401 Germans on board the Pinguin only three officers, one prize officer and fifty-seven petty officers and men survived. Of the 238 prisoners on the Pinguin only nine officers and fifteen seamen survived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hilfskreuzer_9-3">[9] Two hundred and fourteen prisoners, and three hundred and forty-one of the Pinguin ' s crew were lost.

Raiding career
Schiff 33, the Pinguin had sailed over 59,000 miles more than twice the circumference of the Earth in 357 days at sea. She sank or captured 28 ships, a total of 136,642 gross register tons. 52,000 tons was sent back to Germany under prize crews. A further four ships were sunk by mines, a total of 18,068 tons. The Pinguin's grand total amounts to 154,710 gross register tons. The Pinguin was the first of the Kriegsmarine's Auxiliary Cruisers to be sunk.