Tupolev Tu-2

The Tupolev Tu-2 (Development names ANT-58 and 103, NATO reporting name: Bat) was a twin-engine Soviet (high) speed daylight bomber (SDB) front line bomber (FB) aircraft of World War II vintage. The Tu-2 was tailored to meet a requirement for a high speed bomber or dive-bomber, with a large internal bomb load, and speed similar to that of a single seat fighter. Designed to challenge the German Junkers Ju 88, the Tu-2 proved comparable, and was produced in torpedo, interceptor and reconnaissance versions. The Tu-2 was one of the outstanding combat aircraft of World War II, and, although it did not enter service until 1944, it played a key role in the Red Army's final offensives.[1] {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Design and development
 * 2 Operational history
 * 3 Variants
 * 4 Operators
 * 5 In museums
 * 6 Specifications (Tu-2)
 * 7 See also
 * 8 References
 * 9 External links
 * }

Design and development
In 1937 Andrei Tupolev, along with many Soviet designers at the time, was arrested on trumped-up charges of activities against the State. Despite the actions of the Soviet government, he was considered important to the war effort and following his imprisonment, he was placed in charge of a team that was to design military aircraft. Designed as Samolyot (Russian: "aircraft") 103, the Tu-2 was based on earlier ANT-58, ANT-59 and ANT-60 light bomber prototypes.[2] Essentially an upscaled and more powerful ANT-60 powered by AM-37 engines, the first prototype was completed at Factory N156, and made its first test flight on 29 January 1941, piloted by Mikhail Nukhtinov.[2] Mass production began in September 1941, at Omsk Aircraft Factory Number 166, with the first aircraft reaching combat units in March 1942. Modifications were made based on combat experience, and Plant Number 166 built a total of 80 aircraft. The AM-37 engine was abandoned to concentrate efforts on the AM-38F for the Il-2, which required Tupolev to redesign the aircraft for an available engine. Modifications of this bomber took ANT-58 through ANT-69 variants. A further 2527 aircraft were built at Kazan, with these modifications. Production ceased in 1951 after a total of some 3,000 aircraft were delivered to various Soviet Bloc air forces.[1]

Operational history
Built from 1941 to 1948, the Tu-2 was the USSR's second most important twin-engine bomber (the first being the Pe-2). The design brought Andrei Tupolev back into favour after a period of detention. It was highly effective, being faster and more nimble, as well as having a greater bomb load and range, than virtually all medium bombers in service during the war with any army. Crews were universally happy with their Tupolevs. Pilots could maneuver like fighters and they were fast and tough enough to survive heavy damage.[3] The Tu-2 remained in service in the USSR until 1950.

Some surplus Tu-2s were provided to the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force for use in the Chinese Civil War. Some Chinese Tu-2s were shot down by British and American airmen during the Korean War. In the 1958-1962 counter-riot actions in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covering Qinghai, Tibet, southern Gansu, and western Sichuan, Chinese PLAAF Tu-2s took on the roles of ground-attack, reconnaissance and liaison. The Chinese Tu-2s were retired at the end of 1970s.

After World War II, the Tu-2 proved to be an ideal test aircraft for various powerplants, including the first generation of Soviet jet engines.[1]

Variants
;"Aircraft 103", ANT-58
 * The initial 3-seat version. Top speed 635 km/h (395 mph) at 8,000 m (26,247 ft). Two 1,044 kW (1,400 hp) Mikulin AM-37 (water cooling), 1941.


 * "Aircraft 103U", ANT-59
 * Redesigned for 4-seat crew (influenced by Junkers Ju-88). Top speed dropped to 610 km/h (379 mph). The same powerplant as for ANT-58- 2*Mikulin AM-37 engines.


 * ANT-67
 * Five-seat long-range bomber similar to ANT-62 but powered by diesel engines, 1946.


 * Tu-1 (ANT-63P)
 * Three-seat long-range escort fighter.


 * Tu-2
 * Two 1,081 kW (1,450 hp) Shvetsov ASh-82 (air cooling) with bigger drag, 1942.


 * Tu-2S (ANT-61)
 * Powered by two 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) Shvetsov ASh-82FN radial piston engines, 1943.


 * Tu-2D (ANT-62)
 * Long-range version, it appeared in October 1944. It had an increased span and a crew of five aviators.[4] Powered by two 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) Shvetsov ASh-82FN?, 1943?


 * Tu-2DB (ANT-65)
 * High-altitude reconnaissance bomber version.


 * Tu-2F
 * Photo-reconnaissance version.


 * Tu-2G
 * High-speed cargo transport version.


 * Tu-2K
 * Only two aircraft were built for testing ejection seats.


 * Tu-2M (ANT-61M)
 * Powered by two 1,417 kW (1,900 hp) ASh-83 radial piston engines.


 * Tu-2N
 * Engine test-bed, built to test the Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine.


 * Tu-2 Paravan
 * Two aircraft built to test barrage balloon cable cutters and deflectors.


 * Tu-2R
 * Reconnaissance version.


 * Tu-2RShR
 * Prototype, armed with 57 mm cannon in the forward fuselage.


 * Tu-2Sh
 * Experimental ground-attack version. It was tested with various armament combinations: a 75mm (2.95 inches) gun, mounted in a solid nose or a battery of 88 7.62mm (0.30 inches) sub-machine guns fixed in the bomb bay, directed to fire downwards.[4]


 * Tu-2/104
 * All-weather interceptor prototype.


 * Tu-2T (ANT-62T)
 * Torpedo-bomber variant, was tested between January and March 1945, and issued to Soviet Naval Aviation units.[4]


 * Tu-6
 * Reconnaissance aircraft.


 * Tu-8 (ANT-69)
 * Long-range bomber nased on ANT-62, 1947.


 * Tu-10 (ANT-68)
 * It was a high-altitude variant that saw limited service, 1943.[1]


 * UTB
 * bomber trainer with Shvetsov ASh-21 engines of 515 kW (690 hp) created by the Sukhoi OKB in 1946

Operators
Operators of the Tu-2;World War II operators
 * Soviet Union
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Post-War operators
 * Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Air Force
 * China
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force Imported 33 UTB-2 and 29 T-2U trainers in the end of 1949. The last 4 UTB-2's retired in 1965. Imported 311 Tu-2 from the end of 1949 to 1952. The last 30 Tu-2's retired in 1982.
 * Hungary
 * Hungarian Air Force
 * Indonesia
 * Indonesian Air Force
 * North Korea
 * North Korean Air Force
 * Poland
 * Polish Air Force (8 aircraft in 1949-early 1960s)[5]
 * Polish Navy
 * Romania
 * Romanian Air Force (6 delivered in 1950: 2 Tu-2, 2 Tu-2 trainers and 2 Tu-6)
 * Soviet Union
 * Soviet Air Force

In museums

 * Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Museum of Aviation - Tu-2T, tactical number 27
 * China
 * Chinese Aviation Museum near Beijing
 * Poland
 * Polish Aviation Museum in Cracow - Tu-2S, used for testing ejection seats
 * Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw - Tu-2S, used by 7th Independent Dive Bomber Regiment ("7 samodzielny pułk lotniczy bombowców nurkujących")
 * Russia
 * Central Air Force Museum in Monino near Moscow
 * USA
 * War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa, New Mexico

Specifications (Tu-2)
Data from[citation needed]

General characteristics Performance Armament
 * Crew: 4
 * Length: 13.80 m (45 ft 3 in)
 * Wingspan: 18.86 m (61 ft 10 in)
 * Height: 4.13 m (13 ft 7 in)
 * Wing area: 48.5 m² (522 ft²)
 * Empty weight: 7,601 kg (16,757 lb)
 * Loaded weight: 10,538 kg (23,232 lb)
 * Max. takeoff weight: 11,768 kg (25,944 lb)
 * Powerplant: 2 × Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine, 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) each
 * Maximum speed: 521 km/h (281 kn, 325 mph)
 * Range: 2,020 km (1,090 nmi, 1,260 mi)
 * Service ceiling: 9,000 m (29,528 ft)
 * Rate of climb: 8.2 m/s (1,610 ft/min)
 * Wing loading: 217 kg/m² (45 lb/ft²)
 * Power/mass: 260 W/kg (0.16 hp/lb)


 * Guns:
 * 2 × 20 mm (0.79 in) fixed forward-firing ShVAK cannon in the wings
 * 3 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) rear-firing ShKAS machine guns (later replaced by 12.7 mm (0.50 in) Berezin UB machine guns) in the canopy, dorsal and ventral hatches.
 * Bombs: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) internally and 2,270 kg (5,000 lb) externally