Battle of Cape Bon (1941)

The naval Battle of Cape Bon took place on December 13, 1941 during the Second World War, between two Italian light cruisers and an Allied destroyer flotilla off Cape Bon, Tunisia. The loss of the two cruisers was a serious setback for the Regia Marina. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Background
 * 2 The action
 * 3 References
 * 4 External links
 * }

[edit] Background
The control of the Mediterranean was disputed between the Italian Regia Marina and the British Royal Navy, with both sides supported by ships from other military powers. The sea was a critical sector for the supply of the Italian and German forces in north Africa, as well as the maintenance of Malta as a British offensive base. Without Malta, Britain could not intercept Italian convoys and thus prevent the supply of troops and supplies to Axis' forces. At times, demand was high enough to warrant the use of warships as transports by both the Axis and the Allies.[1]

When Italy declared war in June 1940, it had one of the largest navies in the world but its strength was limited to the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the British Empire possessed enough resources and naval might to maintain a strong presence in the area and replace most losses by merely redeploying ships. This led to caution on behalf of the Italian command and a tendency to avoid conflict.[2]

Radar systems and broken Italian naval codes further contributed to British naval forces over the Regia Marina.[3]

[edit] The action
The Italian 4th Cruiser Division, commanded by Contrammiraglio Antonino Toscano and consisting of the two Da Giussano class light cruisers  Alberto da Giussano  and  Alberico da Barbiano  and the Spica class torpedo boat Cigno, sailed from Palermo bound for Tripoli, carrying an urgent supply of aircraft fuel (nearly 2000 tons). The fuel was vitally needed by fighters based in Libya[4] and space was limited, forcing the crew to place tanks on the decks of the ships.

In the meantime, the British 4th Destroyer flotilla, consisting of four destroyers (HMS Sikh, HMS Maori, HMS Legion and the Dutch destroyer Hr. Ms. Isaac Sweers) commanded by Commander G. H. Stokes, was sailing to join the Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria.[5]

The British flotilla was spotted by an Italian aircraft but Regia Marina headquarters concluded that the British would not be able to reach Cape Bon before the 4th Cruiser Division was passed. However, the British, with intercepted signals from Ultra, ordered their destroyers to intercept the Axis cruisers.

On December 13 at 3:25 AM the forces met near Cape Bon.[6] Arriving from astern under the cover of darkness and using radar, the Allies surprised their adversaries, launching torpedoes and opening fire at short range.[7] Di Giussano only managed to fire three salvos during the battle.[8] Both Italian cruisers were sunk, with Alberico da Barbiano becoming a towering inferno. After a brief encounter with the Dutch destroyer Isaac Sweers, Cigno rescued 500 survivors, while others reached the coast or were later saved by Italian motor torpedo boats (MAS). Over 900 men lost their lives, including Admiral Toscano. The entire battle lasted a mere five minutes.

[edit] References

 * 1) ^ "The Battle for the Mediterranean". World War II Multimedia Database. http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/mediterranean.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
 * 2) ^ D’Este, Carlo (1990). "World War II in the Mediterranean". http://books.google.com/books?id=kUPONXcysNIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mediterranean+world+war+2&source=bl&ots=fUV0o4-79g&sig=UZ2kNjfBcNPN8Ers38ePUSddYes&hl=en&ei=LeTYTOmzFYyisAPasL3IBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=mediterranean%20world%20war%202&f=false. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 3) ^ "World War II Naval Engagements: The Mediterrean". HBC. http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/sea/nc-med.html. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 4) ^ "Battle of cape Bon". Lemairesoft Encyclopedia. http://users.swing.be/navbat/bataille/104.html. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 5) ^ "BRITISH NAVY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, including Malta Convoys, Part 2 of 4". Naval History. September 9th, 2009. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsRNMed2.htm. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 6) ^ Surface Action Battle of Cape Bon. http://navalhistory.flixco.info/G/82806x67095/312971/a0.htm. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 7) ^ "BRITISH NAVY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, including Malta Convoys, Part 2 of 4". Naval History. September 9th, 2009. http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsRNMed2.htm. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.
 * 8) ^ "Battle of cape Bon". Lemairesoft Encyclopedia. http://users.swing.be/navbat/bataille/104.html. Retrieved November 8th, 2010.