Hawker Tornado

The Hawker Tornado was a British single-seat fighter aircraft design of World War II for the Royal Air Force as a replacement for the Hawker Hurricane. The planned production of Tornados was cancelled after the engine it was designed to use—the Rolls-Royce Vulture—proved unreliable in service. A parallel airframe with the Napier Sabre continued into production as the Hawker Typhoon. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Design and development
 * 1.1 Technical description
 * 1.2 Flight trials
 * 1.3 Production
 * 1.4 Vulture engine
 * 2 Operators
 * 3 Specifications
 * 4 See also
 * 5 References
 * 5.1 Notes
 * 5.2 Bibliography
 * 6 External links
 * }

Design and development
Shortly after the Hawker Hurricane entered service, Hawker began work on its eventual successor. Two alternative projects were undertaken: the Type N (for Napier), with a Napier Sabre engine, and the Type R (for Rolls-Royce), equipped with a Rolls-Royce Vulture power-plant. Hawker presented an early draft of their ideas to the Air Ministry who advised them that a specification was in the offing for such a fighter. The specification was released by the Ministry as Specification F.18/37 after further prompting from Hawker.[1] the specification called for a single-seat fighter armed with twelve 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine-guns, a maximum speed of 400 mph (644 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) and a service ceiling of 35,000 ft (10,700 m) were required. Two prototypes of both the Type N and R were ordered on 3 March 1938.

Technical description
Both prototypes were very similar to the Hurricane in general appearance, and shared some of its construction techniques. The front fuselage used the same swaged and bolted duralumin tube structure, which had been developed by Sydney Camm and Fred Sigrist in 1925. The new design featured an automobile-like side opening doors for entry, and used a large 40 ft (12 m) wing that was much thicker in cross section than those on aircraft like the Spitfire. The rear fuselage, from behind the cockpit, differed from that of the Hurricane in that it was a duralumin, semi-monocoque, flush-riveted structure. The all-metal wings incorporated the legs and wheel-bays of the wide-set undercarriage. The two models were also very similar to each other; the R plane had a rounder nose profile and a ventral radiator, whereas the N had a flatter deck and a chin mounted radiator. The fuselage of the Tornado ahead of the wings was 12 in (30 cm) longer than that of the Typhoon, the wings were fitted 3 in (76 mm) lower on the fuselage, and the radiator was located beneath the fuselage. The X-24 cylinder configuration of the Vulture required two sets of ejector exhaust stacks on each side of the cowling,[2] and also that it had to be further forward to clear the front wing spar.[3]

Flight trials
On 6 October 1939, the first prototype (P5219) was flown by P.G. Lucas, having first been moved from Kingston to Langley for completion. Further flight trials revealed airflow problems around the radiator, which was subsequently relocated to a chin position. Later changes included increased rudder area, and the upgrading of the powerplant to the Vulture Mark V engine. Hawker production lines focused on the Hurricane, with the result that completion of the second prototype (P5224) was significantly delayed. It featured the chin radiator, additional window panels in the fairing behind the cockpit, and the 12 .303 in machine guns were replaced by four 20 mm Hispano cannon. It was first flown on 5 December 1940, and was powered by a Vulture II, although as in the case of the first prototype, a Vulture V was later installed.

Production
In order to avoid upsetting the Hurricane lines, production was sub-contracted to Avro (another company in the Hawker group) in Manchester[2] and Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft in Eastleigh, with orders for 1,760 and 200 respectively being placed in 1939. However only one of these aircraft, from Avro, was ever built and flown, this being R7936. Shortly after its first flight at Woodford, on 29 August 1941, the Vulture programme was abandoned, followed closely by the cancellation of the Tornado order. At that time four aircraft were at various stages of production at the Avro plant at Yeadon, West Yorkshire.

Vulture engine
The Vulture was effectively cancelled by Rolls-Royce in July 1941 due to the problems experienced in its use on the Avro Manchester, where it displayed a continual habit of erupting into flame in flight.[citation needed] The Rolls-Royce Merlin was also starting to deliver the same power levels. However, the Vulture engine installation in the Tornado was relatively trouble free[2] and the aircraft itself had fewer problems in flight than its Sabre-engined counterpart. The third prototype (HG641), the only other Tornado to fly, was flown on 23 October 1941, powered by a Bristol Centaurus CE.4S sleeve valve radial engine. This Tornado was built from two incomplete production airframes (R7937 and R7938) and was a test-bed for a number of Centaurus engine/propeller combinations and was the progenitor of the Hawker Tempest II.

Operators

 * United Kingdom
 * Royal Air Force

Specifications
Orthographic projection of the second prototype Tornado, with the distinctive "beard" radiator, modified tail and fitted for four cannons. Inset profile of the first prototype in the original configuration looking very much like an enlarged Hurricane.Data from Thomas & Shores,[2] Mason[4]

General characteristics (Vulture V: 1,980 hp (1,476))[C 2] Performance Armament
 * Crew: One, pilot
 * Length: 32 ft 10 in (10.01 m)
 * Wingspan: 41 ft 11 in (12.78 m)
 * Height: 14 ft 8 in (4.47 m)
 * Wing area: 283 ft² (26.3 m²)
 * Empty weight: 8,377 lb (3,800 kg)
 * Loaded weight: 9,520 lb (4,318 kg) for P5219
 * Useful load: 2,291 lb (1,039 kg)
 * Max. takeoff weight: 10,668 lb (4,839 kg)
 * Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Vulture II or V [C 1] X-24 piston engine, 1,760 hp (1,312 kW)Vulture II
 * Propellers: 3 or 4 bladed propeller
 * Propeller diameter: 13 feet 3 in (Vulture: 12 feet 9 in)
 * Fuel capacity: 140 gallons[clarification needed] (636 Litres)
 * Maximum speed: 398 mph (641 km/h) for Vulture V at 23,300 ft (7,102 m).[C 3]
 * Service ceiling: 34,900 ft (10,640 m)
 * Wing loading: max takeoff: 37.7 lb/ft² (184.81 kg/m²)
 * Power/mass: max takeoff 5.38 lb/hp (3.58 kg/Kw)
 * Time to height: 7.2 min to 20,000 ft (6,100 m)

Avionics TR 9 VHF R/T fitted (P5224)
 * Guns: Provision for 12 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns (1st prototype P5219) or 4 × 20 mm Hispano cannon. (2nd and Centaurus prototypes P5224, HG641).
 * 1) ^ or Bristol Centaurus CE 4S
 * 2) ^ Centaurus: 2,210 hp (1,648 kW)
 * 3) ^ Centarus gave 402 mph (647 km/h) at 18,000 ft (5,486 m)