Battle of Edson's Ridge



The Battle of Edson's Ridge, also known as the Battle of the Bloody Ridge, Battle of Raiders Ridge, and Battle of the Ridge, was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Imperial Japanese Army and Allied (mainly United States Marine Corps) ground forces. It took place from 12–14 September 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, and was the second of three separate major Japanese ground offensives during the Guadalcanal Campaign.

In the battle, U.S. Marines, under the overall command of U.S. Major General Alexander Vandegrift, repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade, under the command of Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi. The Marines were defending the Lunga perimeter that guarded Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, which was captured from the Japanese by the Allies in landings on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942. Kawaguchi's unit was sent to Guadalcanal in response to the Allied landings with the mission of recapturing the airfield and driving the Allied forces from the island.

Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal—about 12,000—Kawaguchi's 6,000 soldiers conducted several nighttime frontal assaults on the U.S. defenses. The main Japanese assault occurred around Lunga ridge south of Henderson Field, manned by troops from several U.S. Marine Corps units, primarily troops from the 1st Raider and 1st Parachute Battalions under U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson. Although the Marine defenses were almost overrun, Kawaguchi's attack was ultimately defeated, with heavy losses for the Japanese.

Because of the key participation by Edson's unit in defending the ridge, the ridge was commonly referred to as "Edson's" ridge in historical accounts of the battle in Western sources.[4] After Edson's Ridge, the Japanese continued to send troops to Guadalcanal for further attempts to retake Henderson Field, affecting Japanese offensive operations in other areas of the South Pacific. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Background
 * 1.1 Guadalcanal campaign
 * 1.2 Troop movement
 * 2 Battle
 * 2.1 Prelude
 * 2.2 First night's action
 * 2.3 Second night's action on the ridge
 * 2.4 Kuma and Oka attacks
 * 3 Aftermath
 * 4 Significance
 * 5 Notes
 * 6 References
 * 7 Further reading
 * 8 External links
 * }

[edit] Guadalcanal campaign
On 7 August 1942, Allied forces (primarily U.S.) landed on Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands. The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia. They were also intended to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul and support the Allied New Guinea campaign. The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign.[5]

Taking the Japanese by surprise, by nightfall on 8 August the Allied landing forces had secured Tulagiand nearby small islands, as well as an airfield under construction at Lunga Point ( WikiMiniAtlas 9°25′45″S 160°3′4″E﻿ / ﻿9.42917°S 160.05111°E ﻿ / -9.42917; 160.05111 ﻿ (Henderson Field)) on Guadalcanal.[6] Vandegrift placed his 11,000 troops of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal in a loose perimeter around the Lunga Point area.

On 12 August, the airfield was named Henderson Field after Major Lofton Henderson, a Marine aviator who had been killed at the Battle of Midway. The Allied aircraft and pilots that subsequently operated out of Henderson Field were called the "Cactus Air Force" after the Allied code name for Guadalcanal.[7] The Solomon Islands area in the south Pacific. The Japanese base at Rabaul is at the upper left. Guadalcanal (lower right) lies at the southeastern end of "The Slot".In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Army—a corps-sized command based at Rabaul ( WikiMiniAtlas 4°11′56″S 152°9′57″E﻿ / ﻿4.19889°S 152.16583°E ﻿ / -4.19889; 152.16583 ﻿ (Rabaul)) and under the command of Lieutenant-General Harukichi Hyakutake—with the task of retaking Guadalcanal from Allied forces. The 17th Army—heavily involved with the Japanese campaign in New Guinea—had only a few units available to send to the southern Solomons area. Of these units, the 35th Infantry Brigade—under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi—was at Palau, the 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment—under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki—was embarked on transport ships near Guam. The different units began to move toward Guadalcanal immediately; Ichiki's regiment—the closest—arrived first. The "First Element" of Ichiki's unit—consisting of about 917 soldiers—landed from destroyers at Taivu Point ( WikiMiniAtlas  9°24′38″S 160°20′56″E﻿ / ﻿9.41056°S 160.34889°E ﻿ / -9.41056; 160.34889 ﻿ (Taivu Point) ), about 18 mi (29 km) east of the Lunga perimeter, on August 19.[8]

Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, Ichiki's First Element conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of August 21. Ichiki's assault was repulsed with devastating losses for the attackers in what became known as the Battle of the Tenaru: all but 128 of the 917 men of the First Element were killed in the battle. The survivors returned to Taivu Point, notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat in the battle and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul.[9] Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi (seated center) in a group photo with his brigade staff at Palau shortly before departing for Guadalcanal.[10] By 23 August, Kawaguchi's unit had reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal. Because of the damage caused by Allied air attack to a separate troop convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Japanese decided not to deliver Kawaguchi's troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport ship; instead, the ships carrying Kawaguchi's soldiers were sent to Rabaul. From there, the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi's men to Guadalcanal by destroyers, staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands. The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make the round trip down "The Slot" to Guadalcanal and back in a single night, minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack. However, most of the soldiers' heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, could not be taken to Guadalcanal with them. These high-speed destroyer runs to Guadalcanal, which occurred throughout the campaign, were later called the "Tokyo Express" by Allied forces and "Rat Transportation" by the Japanese.[11] The Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during the nighttime and were not challenged by the Allies. However, any Japanese ship remaining within range of the aircraft at Henderson Field 200 mi (320 km) in daylight was in great danger from damaging air attacks. This "curious tactical situation" held for several months.[12]

[edit] Troop movement
On 28 August, 600 of Kawaguchi's troops were loaded onto the destroyers  Asagiri ,  Amagiri ,  Yugiri , and  Shirakumo , designated Destroyer Division 20 (DD20). Because of a shortage of fuel, DD20 could not make the entire round trip to Guadalcanal at high speed in one night, but had to start the trip earlier in the day so that they could complete the trip by the next morning at a slower speed which conserved fuel. At 18:05 that day, 11 U.S. dive bombers from VMSB-232 under the command of Lt. Col. Richard Mangrum,[13] flew from Henderson Field and located and attacked DD20 about 70 mi (110 km) north of Guadalcanal, sinking Asagiri and heavily damaging Yugiri and Shirakumo. Amagiri took Shirakumo in tow and the three destroyers returned to the Shortlands without completing their mission. The attack on DD20 killed 62 of Kawaguchi's soldiers and 94 crew members.[14] Japanese troops from the "Aoba" Regiment march along the shore of Guadalcanal shortly after landing during the first week of September 1942.Subsequent "Express" runs were more successful. Between 29 August and 4 September, various Japanese light cruisers, destroyers, and patrol boats were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point, including all of the 35th Infantry Brigade, one battalion of the Aoba Regiment, and the rest of Ichiki's regiment. General Kawaguchi, who landed at Taivu Point on the 31 August Express run, was placed in command of all the Japanese troops on Guadalcanal.[15] On the night of 4/5 September, as three of the Express destroyers— Yudachi ,  Hatsuyuki , and  Murakumo —prepared to shell Henderson Field after landing their troops, they detected and sank two U.S. ships in the vicinity, the small, old destroyer transports (called "APDs" by the U.S. Marines) USS Little and  Gregory  that were used to shuttle Allied troops around the Guadalcanal/Tulagi area.[16]

In spite of the successes of the destroyer runs, Kawaguchi insisted that as many soldiers of his brigade as possible be delivered to Guadalcanal by slow barges. Therefore, a convoy carrying 1,100 of Kawaguchi's troops and heavy equipment in 61 barges, mainly from the 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel Akinosuka Oka, departed the northern coast of Santa IsabelIsland on 2 September. On 4–5 September, aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the barge convoy, killing about 90 of the soldiers in the barges and destroying much of the unit's heavy equipment. Most of the remaining 1,000 troops were able to land near Kamimbo ( WikiMiniAtlas 9°15′32″S 159°40′18″E﻿ / ﻿9.25889°S 159.67167°E ﻿ / -9.25889; 159.67167 ﻿ (Komimbo)), west of the Lunga perimeter over the next few days.[17] By 7 September, Kawaguchi had 5,200 troops at Taivu Point and 1,000 west of the Lunga perimeter.[18] Kawaguchi was confident enough that he could defeat the Allied forces facing him that he declined an offer from the 17th Army for delivery of one more infantry battalion to augment his forces. Kawaguchi believed that there were only about 2,000 U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal.[19]

Merritt A. Edson, commanded the U.S. Marine 1st Raider Battalion during the battle.During this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions—including the 1st Raider Battalion, under U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson (Edson's Raiders), and the 1st Parachute Battalion—from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1,500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11,000 men defending Henderson Field.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">[20] The 1st Parachute battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's command.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[21]

[edit] Prelude
Kawaguchi set the date for his attack on the Lunga perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from Taivu towards Lunga Point on 5 September. He radioed 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September, and that naval warships be stationed off Lunga Point on September 12 to "destroy any Americans who attempted to flee from the island."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21">[22] On 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to "rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield." Kawaguchi's plan called for his forces to split into three, approach the Lunga perimeter inland, and launch a surprise night attack. Oka's force would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki's Second Echelon—renamed the Kuma Battalion—would attack from the east. The main attack would be by Kawaguchi's "Center Body", numbering 3,000 men in three battalions, from the south of the Lunga perimeter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22">[23] By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had started marching from Taivu towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">[24] Map of Edson's Tasimboko Raid.Meanwhile, native island scouts—directed by British government official and officer in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force, Martin Clemens—told the Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu, near the village of Tasimboko, about 17 mi (27 km) east of Lunga. Edson launched a raid against the Japanese troops at Taivu.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">[25] Destroyer transports USS McKean and  Manley  and two patrol boats took 813 of Edson's men to Taivu in two trips.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25">[26] Edson and his first wave of 501 troops landed at Taivu at 05:20 (local time) on 8 September. Supported by aircraft from Henderson Field and gunfire from the destroyer transports, Edson's men advanced towards Tasimboko village but were slowed by Japanese resistance. At 11:00, the rest of Edson's men landed. With this reinforcement and more support from the Henderson Field aircraft, Edson's force pushed into the village. The Japanese defenders, believing a major landing was underway after observing the concurrent approach of an Allied supply ship convoy heading towards Lunga Point, retreated into the jungle, leaving behind 27 dead. Two Marines were killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">[27]

In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered the supply base for Kawaguchi's forces, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition and medical supplies, and a shortwave radio. The Marines seized documents, equipment and food supplies, destroyed the rest, and returned to the Lunga perimeter at 17:30. The quantities of supplies and intelligence from the captured documents revealed that at least 3,000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28] Map of the Lunga perimeter on Guadalcanal showing the approach routes of the Japanese forces and the locations of the Japanese attacks during the battle. Oka's attacks were in the west (left), the Kuma Battalion attacked from the east (right) and the Center Body attacked "Edson's Ridge" in the lower center of the map.Edson and Colonel Gerald Thomas, Vandegrift's operations officer, believed that the Japanese attack would come at the Lunga Ridge, a narrow, grassy, 1,000 m (1,100 yd) long, coral ridge ( WikiMiniAtlas 9°26′39″S 160°2′50″E﻿ / ﻿9.44417°S 160.04722°E ﻿ / -9.44417; 160.04722 ﻿ (Edson's Ridge) Coordinates:   Click the blue globe to open an interactive map.    9°26′39″S 160°2′50″E﻿ / ﻿9.44417°S 160.04722°E ﻿ / -9.44417; 160.04722 ﻿ (Edson's Ridge)  ) parallel to the Lunga River just south of Henderson Field. The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area and was almost undefended. Edson and Thomas tried to persuade Vandegrift to move forces to defend the ridge, but Vandegrift refused, believing that the Japanese were more likely to attack along the coast. Finally, Thomas convinced Vandegrift that the ridge was a good location for Edson's Raiders to "rest" from their actions of the preceding month. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's unit—including the 1st Raiders and the Paramarines—deployed onto and around the ridge and prepared to defend it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[29]

Kawaguchi's Center Body of troops was planning to attack the Lunga perimeter at the ridge, which they called "the centipede" (mukade gata) because of its shape. On 9 September, Kawaguchi's troops left the coast at Koli Point. Split into four columns, they marched into the jungle towards their predesignated attack points south and southeast of the airfield. Lack of good maps, at least one faulty compass, and thick, almost impenetrable jungle caused the Japanese columns to proceed slowly and zigzag, costing a lot of time. At the same time, Oka's troops approached the Lunga perimeter from the west. Oka had some intelligence on the Marine defenses, extracted from a U.S. Army pilot captured on 30 August.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29">[30]

During the day of 12 September, Kawaguchi's troops struggled through the jungle toward their assembly points for that night's attacks. Kawaguchi wanted his three Center Body battalions in place by 14:00, but they did not reach their assembly areas until after 22:00. Oka was also delayed in his advance towards the Marine lines in the west. Only the Kuma battalion reported that they were in place on time. Despite the problems in reaching the planned attack positions, Kawaguchi was still confident in his attack plan because a captured U.S. pilot disclosed that the ridge was the weakest part of the Marine defenses. Japanese bombers attacked the ridge during daytime on 11–12 September, causing a few casualties, including two killed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30">[31]

[edit] First night's action
Action on 12 September. The Japanese Kokusho battalion forces the U.S. Raider's Company C to retreat to the ridge.The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols, but did not know exactly where or when they would attack. The ridge around which Edson deployed his men consisted of three distinct hillocks. At the southern tip and surrounded on three sides by thick jungle was Hill 80 (so named because it rose 80 ft (24 m) above sea level). Six hundred yards north was Hill 123 (123 ft (37 m) high), the dominant feature on the ridge. The northernmost hillock was unnamed and about 60 ft (18 m) high. Edson placed the five companies from the Raider battalion on the west side of the ridge and the three Parachute battalion companies on the east side, holding positions in depth from Hill 80 back to Hill 123. Two of the five Raider companies, "B" and "C", held a line between the ridge, a small, swampy lagoon, and the Lunga River. Machine-gun teams from "E" Company, the heavy weapons company, were scattered throughout the defenses. Edson placed his command post on Hill 123.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">[32]

At 21:30 on 12 September, the Japanese cruiser  Sendai  and three destroyers shelled the Lunga perimeter for 20 minutes and illuminated the ridge with a searchlight. Japanese artillery began shelling the Marine lines, but did little damage. At the same time, scattered groups of Kawaguchi's troops began skirmishing with Marines around the ridge. Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion—led by Major Yukichi Kokusho—attacked the Raider's "C" company between the lagoon and the Lunga River, overrunning at least one platoon and forcing the Marine company to fall back to the ridge. Kokusho's unit became entangled with troops from Kawaguchi's 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Kusukichi Watanabe, who were still struggling to reach their attack positions, and the resulting confusion effectively stopped the Japanese attack on the ridge that night. Kawaguchi, who was having trouble locating where he was in relation to the U.S. Marine lines as well as coordinating his troops' attacks, later complained, "Due to the devilish jungle, the brigade was scattered all over and was completely beyond my control. In my whole life I have never felt so disappointed and helpless." Twelve U.S. Marines were killed; Japanese casualties are unknown but perhaps somewhat greater.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32">[33] Although both Oka in the west and the Kuma unit in the east tried to attack the Marine lines that night, they failed to make contact and halted near the Marine lines at dawn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33">[34]

At first light on 13 September, Cactus Air Force aircraft and Marine artillery fired into the area just south of the ridge, forcing any Japanese out in the open to seek cover in the nearby jungle. The Japanese suffered several casualties, including two officers from Watanabe's battalion. At 05:50, Kawaguchi decided to regroup his forces for another attack that night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34">[35]

[edit] Second night's action on the ridge
A view of Hill 123 around which Edson centered his defenses for the battle on 13 September. This view is from Hill 80 looking northwards.Expecting the Japanese to attack again that night, Edson directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge. After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to Kokusho the night before, Edson repositioned his forces. He pulled his front back about 400 yd (370 m) to a line that stretched 1,800 yd (1,600 m), starting at the Lunga River and crossing the ridge about 150 yd (140 m) south of Hill 123. Around and behind Hill 123 he placed five companies. Any Japanese attackers surmounting Hill 80 would have to advance over 400 yd (370 m) of open terrain to close with the Marine positions at Hill 123. With only a few hours to prepare, the Marines were only able to construct rudimentary and shallow fortifications. They were low on ammunition, with one or two grenades for each Marine. Vandegrift ordered a reserve force consisting of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment (2/5) to move into a position just to the rear of Edson's troops. In addition, a battery of four 105mm howitzers from the 11th Marine Regiment moved to a location from where it could provide direct fire onto the ridge, and a forward artillery observer was placed with Edson's front line units.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35">[36]

Late in the afternoon, Edson stepped onto a grenade box and addressed his exhausted troops, saying, You men have done a great job, and I have just one more thing to ask of you. Hold out just one more night. I know we've been without sleep a long time. But we expect another attack from them tonight and they may come through here. I have every reason to believe that we will have reliefs here for all of us in the morning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_36-0">[37] Edson's speech "raised the spirits" of the Raiders and helped them prepare mentally for the night ahead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_36-1">[37] Action on 13 September. Japanese attacks force Edson's troops into a small perimeter around Hill 123.As the sun set on 13 September, Kawaguchi faced Edson's 830 Marines with 3,000 troops of his brigade, plus an assortment of light artillery. The night was pitch black, with no moon. At 21:00, seven Japanese destroyers briefly bombarded the ridge. Kawaguchi's attack began just after nightfall, with Kokusho's battalion assaulting Raider Company B on the Marine right flank, just to the west of the ridge. The force of the assault caused Company B to fall back to Hill 123. Under Marine artillery fire, Kokusho reassembled his men and continued his attack. Without pausing to try to "roll-up" the other nearby Marine units, whose flanks were now unprotected, Kokusho's unit surged forward through the swampy lowlands between the ridge and the Lunga River, heading for the airfield. Kokusho's men came upon a pile of Marine supplies and rations. Not having eaten adequately for a couple of days, they paused to "gorge themselves" on the "C" and "K" rations. Kokusho ordered his men to continue the attack. At about 03:00, he led them against the Marine units around the northern portion of the ridge, just short of the airfield, as well as Hill 123. In the heavy fighting that followed, Kokusho and around 100 of his men were killed, ending that attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37">[38]

Meanwhile, Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion, under Major Masao Tamura, assembled for their planned assault against Hill 80 from the jungle south of the ridge. Marine observers spotted Tamura's preparations and called in artillery fire. At about 22:00, a barrage from twelve 105 mm (4.1 in) guns hit Tamura's position. In response, two companies of Tamura's troops—numbering about 320 men—charged up Hill 80 with fixed bayonets behind their own barrage of mortar fire and grenades. Tamura's attack hit Company B of the Marine Parachute battalion and also Raider Company B, pushing the Parachutists off the east side of the ridge into a draw below the ridgeline. To protect the exposed Raider Company B, Edson immediately ordered them to pull back onto Hill 123.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">[39]

At the same time, a Japanese company from Watanabe's battalion infiltrated through a gap between the east side of the ridge and Parachute Company C. Deciding that their positions were now untenable, Parachute Companies B and C climbed onto the ridge and retreated to a position behind Hill 123. In the darkness and confusion of the battle, the retreat quickly became confused and disorganized. A few Marines began yelling that the Japanese were attacking with poison gas, scaring other Marines who no longer possessed their gas masks. After arriving behind Hill 123, some of the Marines continued on towards the airfield, repeating the word "withdraw" to anyone within earshot. Other Marines began to follow them. Just at the moment that it appeared that the Marines on the hill were about to break and head for the rear in a rout, Edson, Major Kenneth D. Bailey from Edson's staff, and other Marine officers appeared and, with "vivid" language, herded the Marines back into defensive positions around Hill 123.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">[40] Map of the final phase of the battle on the ridge. The red lines represent Japanese attacks and the black lines are the Marine positions. "A" represents Kokusho's battalion, "B" Tamura's battalion, and "C" the infiltration by one company of Watanabe's battalion.As the Marines formed into a horseshoe-shaped line around Hill 123, Tamura's battalion began a series of frontal assaults on the hill, charging up the saddle from Hill 80 and up from below the east side of the ridge. Under the light of parachute flares dropped by at least one Japanese floatplane, the Marines repulsed the first two attacks by Tamura's men. Tamura's troops hoisted a 75 mm (2.95 in) "regimental" gun to the top of Hill 80 in an effort to fire it directly at the Marines. This gun, which "could have turned the tide in favor of the Japanese," however, was disabled by a faulty firing pin. At midnight, during a short lull in the fighting, Edson ordered Parachute Companies B and C to advance from behind Hill 123 to strengthen his left flank. With fixed bayonets, the Paramarines swept forward, killing Japanese soldiers who had overrun the Marine lines and were apparently preparing to roll up the Marine lines from the flank, and took position on the east side of the hill. Marines from other units, as well as members of Edson's command staff, including Major Bailey, took ammunition and grenades under fire to the Marines around Hill 123, who were running critically low. Said Marine participant Captain William J. McKennan, "The Japanese attack was almost constant, like a rain that subsides for a moment and then pours the harder...When one wave was mowed down - and I mean mowed down - another followed it into death."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">[41]

The Japanese hit Edson's left flank just after the Parachutists took position but were again stopped by Marine rifle, machine-gun, mortar, and grenade fire. Marine 105 mm and 75 mm artillery was also taking a heavy toll on the attacking Japanese. A captured Japanese soldier later said that his unit was "annihilated" by the Marine artillery fire, which only 10% of his company survived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41">[42]

By 04:00, after withstanding several more assaults, some of which resulted in hand-to-hand fighting, and severe sniper fire from all sides, Edson's men were joined by troops from the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, who helped repulse two more Japanese attacks before dawn. Throughout the night, as Kawaguchi's men came close to overrunning the Marine defenses, Edson remained standing about 20 yd (18 m) behind the Marine firing line on Hill 123, exhorting his troops and directing their defensive efforts. Said Marine Captain Tex Smith, who was in position to observe Edson for most of the night, "I can say that if there is such a thing as one man holding a battalion together, Edson did it that night. He stood just behind the front lines – stood, when most of us hugged the ground."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42">[43]

During the heavy fighting, portions of three Japanese companies, including two from Tamura's and one from Watanabe's battalions, skirted the Marine defenses on the ridge, while suffering heavy losses from Marine gunfire, and reached the edge of "Fighter One", a secondary runway of Henderson Field. A counterattack by the Marine engineers stopped one Japanese company's advances and forced it to retreat. The other two companies waited at the edge of the jungle for reinforcements to arrive before attacking into the open area around the airfield. When no reinforcements joined them, both companies went back to their original positions south of the ridge after daybreak. Most of the rest of Watanabe's battalion did not participate in the battle because they lost contact with their commander during the night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43">[44]

As the sun rose on 14 September, pockets of Japanese soldiers remained scattered along both sides of the ridge. But with Tamura's battalion shattered after losing ¾ of its officers and men, and with heavy casualties to his other attacking units as well, Kawaguchi's assault on the ridge had effectively ended. About 100 Japanese soldiers still remained in the open on the south slope of Hill 80, perhaps preparing for one more charge on Hill 123. At first light, three U.S. Army aircraft from the 67th Fighter Squadron at Henderson Field, acting on a request personally delivered by Bailey, strafed the Japanese near Hill 80 and killed most of them, with the few survivors retreating back into the jungle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44">[45]

[edit] Kuma and Oka attacks
As the battle on the ridge took place, Kawaguchi's Kuma and Oka units also attacked the Marine defenses on the east and west sides of the Lunga perimeter. The Kuma battalion—led by Major Takeshi Mizuno—attacked the southeastern sector of the Lunga perimeter, defended by Marines of the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment (3/1). Mizuno's attack started around midnight, with one company attacking through Marine artillery fire and engaging in hand-to-hand combat with the Marine defenders before being thrown back. Mizuno was killed in the attack. After daybreak, the Marines, believing that the rest of Mizuno's battalion was still in the area, sent forward six light tanks without infantry support to sweep the area in front of the Marine lines; four Japanese 37 mm (1.46 in) anti-tank guns destroyed or disabled three of them. After abandoning their burning tanks, several of the disabled tank's crewmembers were bayoneted and killed by the Japanese. One tank tumbled down an embankment into the Tenaru River, drowning its crew.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45">[46]

At 23:00 on 14 September, the remnants of the Kuma battalion conducted another attack on the same portion of the Marine lines, but were repulsed. A final "weak" attack by the Kuma unit on the evening of 15 September was also defeated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46">[47]

Oka's unit of about 650 men attacked the Marines at several locations on the west side of the Lunga perimeter. At about 04:00 on 14 September, two Japanese companies attacked positions held by the 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment (3/5) near the coast and were thrown back with heavy losses. Another Japanese company captured a small ridge somewhat inland but was then pinned down by Marine artillery fire throughout the day and took heavy losses before withdrawing on the evening of 14 September. The rest of Oka's unit failed to find the Marine lines and did not participate in the attack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47">[48]

[edit] Aftermath
Dead Japanese soldiers lie on the ridge near Hill 123 after the battle.At 13:05 on 14 September, Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade away from the ridge and deeper into the jungle, where they rested and tended to their wounded all the next day. Kawaguchi's units were then ordered to withdraw west to the Matanikau River valley to join with Oka's unit, a 6 mi (9.7 km) march over difficult terrain. Kawaguchi's troops began the march on the morning of 16 September.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48">[49] Almost every soldier able to walk had to help carry the wounded. As the march progressed, the exhausted and hungry soldiers, who had eaten their last rations on 14 September, began to discard their heavy equipment and then their rifles. By the time most of them reached Oka's positions at Kokumbona five days later, only ½ still carried their weapons. The Kuma battalion's survivors, attempting to follow Kawaguchi's Center Body forces, became lost and wandered for three weeks in the jungle and almost starved to death before finally reaching Kawaguchi's camp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49">[50]

In total, Kawaguchi's forces lost about 830 killed in the attack, including 350 in Tamura's battalion, 200 in Kokusho's battalion, 120 in Oka's force, 100 in the Kuma battalion, and 60 in Watanabe's battalion. A further but unknown number of wounded died during the withdrawal march to the Matanikau. On and around the ridge, the Marines counted 500 Japanese dead, including 200 on the slopes of Hill 123. The Marines suffered 80 killed between 12 and 14 September.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50">[51]

On 17 September, Vandegrift sent two companies from the 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment (1/1) to pursue the retreating Japanese. The Marines were ambushed by two Japanese companies acting as rear-guards for the withdrawal, and one Marine platoon was pinned down as the rest of the Marines retreated. The Marine company commander requested permission to attempt to rescue his platoon but was denied by Vandegrift. By nightfall, the Japanese overran and nearly annihilated the platoon, killing 24 Marines with only a few wounded members of the platoon surviving. On 20 September, a patrol from Edson's Raiders encountered stragglers from Kawaguchi's retreating column and called in artillery fire that killed 19 of them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51">[52]

As the Japanese regrouped west of the Matanikau, the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses. On 14 September, Vandegrift moved another battalion, the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment (3/2), from Tulagi to Guadalcanal. On 18 September, an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade (the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment augmented by additional support units) to Guadalcanal. These reinforcements allowed Vandegrift—beginning on 19 September—to establish an unbroken line of defense completely around the Lunga perimeter. Vandegrift's forces' next significant clashes with the Japanese occurred along the Matanikau River from 23–27 September and 6–9 October.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52">[53]

[edit] Significance
A painting by a Marine officer present during the Guadalcanal campaign depicts Marines defending Hill 123 during the battle.On 15 September, General Hyakutake at Rabaul learned of Kawaguchi's defeat, the Imperial Japanese Army's first defeat involving a unit of this size in the war. The general forwarded the news to the Imperial General Headquarters in Japan. In an emergency session, the top Japanese army and navy command staffs concluded that, "Guadalcanal might develop into the decisive battle of the war." The results of the battle began to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific. Hyakutake realized that, in order to send sufficient troops and materiel to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal, he could no longer support the major Japanese offensive on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea. Hyakutake—with the concurrence of the General Headquarters—ordered his troops on New Guinea, who were within 30 mi (48 km) of their objective of Port Moresby—to withdraw until the Guadalcanal matter was resolved. The Japanese were never able to restart their drive towards Port Moresby; the defeat at Edson's Ridge contributed not only to Japan's defeat in the Guadalcanal campaign, but also to Japan's ultimate defeat throughout the South Pacific.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53">[54]

After delivering more forces during the next month the Japanese mounted a major ground offensive on Guadalcanal, led by Hyakutake, in late October 1942 at the Battle for Henderson Field, but it resulted in an even more decisive defeat for the Japanese. Vandegrift later stated that Kawaguchi's assault on the ridge in September was the only time during the entire campaign he had doubts about the outcome and that had it succeeded, "we would have been in a pretty bad condition."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54">[55] Historian Richard B. Frank adds, "The Japanese never came closer to victory on the island itself than in September 1942, on a ridge thrusting up from the jungle just south of the critical airfield, best known ever after as Bloody Ridge."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55">[56]

[edit] Notes

 * 1) ^ Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 15. Number reflects total Allied forces on Guadalcanal, not necessarily the number directly involved in the battle. 11,000 troops were landed initially and three battalions (about 1,500 troops) were moved to Guadalcanal from Tulagi later.
 * 2) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 245. Number reflects the total Japanese forces under Kawaguchi's command on Guadalcanal, not necessarily the number actually involved in the battle.
 * 3) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 184 & 194 and Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 245.
 * 4) ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 224.
 * 5) ^ Hogue, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, p. 235–236.
 * 6) ^ Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, pp. 14–15.
 * 7) ^ Shaw, First Offensive, p. 13.
 * 8) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 88, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 221, and Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 141–143. The 35th Infantry Brigade, from the 18th Division, contained 3,880 troops and was centered on the 124th Infantry Regiment with various attached supporting units (Alexander, p. 139). The Ichiki regiment was named after its commanding officer and was part of the 7th Division from Hokkaido. The Aoba regiment, from the 2nd Division, took its name from Aoba Castle in Sendai, because most of the soldiers in the regiment were from Miyagi prefecture (Rottman, Japanese Army, p. 52). Ichiki's regiment had been assigned to invade and occupy Midway, but were on their way back to Japan after the invasion was cancelled following the Japanese defeat in the Battle of Midway.
 * 9) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 156–158 & 681.
 * 10) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 136–137.
 * 11) ^ Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 113 and Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 198–199, 205, and 266.
 * 12) ^ Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 113–114.
 * 13) ^ Hulbert and DeChant, Flying Leathernecks, p. 49.
 * 14) ^ Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 114, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 199–200, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 98.
 * 15) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 201–203, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 116–124, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 87–112.
 * 16) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 211–212, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 91–92, and Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 118–the 121.
 * 17) ^ Alexander, p. 138–139, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 116–124, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 213, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 106–109. Griffith says 400 troops were killed, Frank and Smith say 90 were killed. Oka commanded the entire 124th Regiment so his command section was attached to the 2nd Battalion at this time. The 2nd Battalion's commander, Major Takamatsu, was killed during the air attacks on the barge convoy.
 * 18) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 219.
 * 19) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 218.
 * 20) ^ Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 91, Morison, Struggle for Guadalcanal, p. 15 and Hough, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, p. 298. U.S. transport destroyer  Colhoun  was sunk by Japanese aircraft off Guadalcanal on 30 August, after delivering Company D of the 1st Raiders, with 51 of her crew killed.
 * 21) ^ Christ, p. 176, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 103. The Parachutists were delivered to Guadalcanal on September 2.
 * 22) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 112–113.
 * 23) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 219–220 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 113–115 & 243. Most of the men in Ichiki's second echelon were from Asahikawa, Hokkaidō. "Kuma" refers to the brown bears that lived in that area.
 * 24) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 220 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 121.
 * 25) ^ Christ, p. 185, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 93–95, Zimmerman, Guadalcanal Campaign, p. 80 and Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 125.
 * 26) ^ Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 95, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 220–221. Alexander, p. 118, says there were 833 men, including 605 Raiders and 208 Paramarines. Also accompanying the raid were correspondents Richard Tregaskis, Robert C. Miller, and Jacob C. Vouza; Vouza remained on one of the boats as he was still recovering from wounds suffered during the Battle of the Tenaru (Alexander p. 119).
 * 27) ^ Alexander, p. 122–123, Hough, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, p. 298–299, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 221–222, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 129, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 129–130, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 95–96, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 222. At this time Kawaguchi and most of his forces were about six miles west of Tasimboko near Tetere and had just begun to head into the island's interior (Alexander p. 124).
 * 28) ^ Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 130–132, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 221–222, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 96–97, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 130. Three times during the day Gerald C. Thomas from Vandegrift's staff radioed Edson and ordered him to abandon the mission immediately and return to base. Edson ignored him (Alexander p. 129). Richard Tregaskis discovered most of the documents. U.S. Navy patrol boat YP-346 was attacked and damaged by a Tokyo Express force that night.
 * 29) ^ Alexander, p. 138, Christ, p. 193–194, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 223 & 225–226, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 132 & 134–135, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 223, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 130–131, 138. Edson's unit comprised about 600 Raiders and 214 Paramarines. Edson had personally scouted the ridge a week before the Tasimboko raid and told his assistant, "This is the place. This is where they'll hit" (Alexander, p. 141).
 * 30) ^ Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 226, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 224–225 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 131–136. This pilot was one of the two U.S. Army pilots, named Chilson and Wyethes, shot down on 30 August (while flying P-400s from Henderson Field), and later declared killed in action (KIA).[1].
 * 31) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 228–229 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 144–145, Alexander, p. 142. The name and fate of this U.S. pilot (who was not the Army pilot captured by Oka's men earlier) are unknown.
 * 32) ^ Alexander, p. 142 & 146, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 102, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 222–223 & 229 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 138–139, and 146.
 * 33) ^ Alexander, p. 150, Chirst, p. 208, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 231–232, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 140, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 102–103, and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 146–151. Kukusho's men attacked along both sides of the lagoon and captured at least six of the Marines' machine-guns (Alexander p. 166). Eleven of the Marines killed were listed as "missing" although they were ever seen alive again; the few Marine bodies recovered after the battle were so decomposed that identification was impossible. Some Marines reported hearing the sounds (screams) of one or more captured Marines being tortured throughout the night of 12 September. Said Robert Youngdeer who was present on the ridge that night, "The sound of someone being worked over out there in the darkness remains with me until this day. The whole battalion could hear their screams" (Alexander, p. 153).
 * 34) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 232 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 151–152.
 * 35) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 151–151.
 * 36) ^ Christ, p. 212–215, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 141, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 233–237 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 152–158.
 * 37) ^ a b Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 158.
 * 38) ^ Alexander, p. 171–176, 179, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 161–167. The Marine defenders who finally defeated Kokusho's charge were probably from the U.S. 11th Marine Regiment with assistance from the 1st Pioneer Battalion and Amphibious Tractor Battalion, as well as Edson's men on the ridge (Christ, p. 250, Smith, p. 167, Alexander, p. 179, and Frank, p. 235). Jersey states that Kokusho wasn't killed at this time, instead being killed on 2 January 1943 during the Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse (Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 360).
 * 39) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 237–238 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 162–165. Tamura's battalion was actually the 2nd Battalion of the 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment was with Oka west of the Lunga perimeter. Alexander (p. 139) spells Tamura's given name as Masuro. During the battle, Major Charles A. Miller, commander of the Parachute battalion, was unresponsive to Edson's orders and failed to exercise effective command over his troops. Miller was subsequently relieved of command after the battle and sent back to the United States and discharged from the Marines.
 * 40) ^ Christ, p. 230–235, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 238 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 165–166. Smoke and the smell of magnesium flares plus the Japanese shouts of "Tsu-geki!" (Charge!) is probably what caused some Marines to believe that poison gas was being employed by the Japanese (Alexander, p. 179). Bailey reportedly physically restrained some Marines and threatened others with a pistol to stop their "stampede" for the rear (Alexander, p. 183). Parachute Captain Harry Torgerson also helped rally and stop the Marines' retreat behind Hill 123. Edson reportedly told the retreating Marines, "The only difference between you and the Japs is they've got more guts. Get back." (Christ, p. 235).
 * 41) ^ Alexander, p. 183, Christ, p. 237–244, 266, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 143, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 238–240 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 167–170. Some accounts state that the story of the faulty Japanese 75mm mountain gun is apocryphal, but Christ states that several Marines witnessed the gun being deployed but not fired.
 * 42) ^ Christ, p. 286, Peatross, Bless 'em All, p. 105, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 169–170, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 235. The 11th Marines 105 mm howitzers fired a total of 1,992 shells during the battle. In total, Marine artillery fired 2,800 rounds that night (Alexander, p. 181).
 * 43) ^ Alexander, p. 177, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 240 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 171–172.
 * 44) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 240–242, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 175–176, Alexander, p. 171. Hobbled by old wounds, Watanabe spent most of the night vainly searching for Kawaguchi in the jungle south of the ridge. For unknown reasons, most of Watanabe's battalion remained in place and did not join the attack as ordered.
 * 45) ^ Alexander, p. 190–191, 197, Christ, p. 280, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 240–242, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 175–176 and Davis, Lightning Strike, p. 153–155. The U.S. Army aircraft were P-400s and were led by US Army Captain John A. Thompson with Bryan W. Brown and B. E. Davis. Two of the aircraft were hit and damaged by Japanese ground fire but were able to return to the airfield and make deadstick landings.
 * 46) ^ Gilbert, Marine Tank Battles, p. 46, Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 177–181. Alexander (p. 139) spells Mizuno's given name as "Eishi", as in Eishi Mizuno.
 * 47) ^ Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 242 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 181, Jersey, Hell's Islands, p. 233. The Japanese anti-tank guns were from the 28th Regimental Antitank Company under 1st Lieutenant Yoshio Okubo. Eight Marine tank crewmen died in the engagement.
 * 48) ^ Alexander, p. 180, Christ, p. 250, Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 243 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 181–184. Most of Oka's men were from the 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment.
 * 49) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 193.
 * 50) ^ Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 146–147 and Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 245–246.
 * 51) ^ Christ, p. 281, Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 144 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 184–185. Only 86 Paramarines, out of the 240 originally deployed, walked off of the ridge the morning after the battle; the rest were all killed or seriously wounded. Christ states that 53 Marines were killed on the ridge and 237 seriously wounded, and that the Japanese suffered 1,133 killed or wounded. The Americans buried the Japanese bodies in mass graves or burned them.
 * 52) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 193–194. The Marine company commander of the annihilated platoon was Captain Charles Brush, who had led the patrol that ambushed a patrol from Ichiki's First Echelon during the Battle of the Tenaru.
 * 53) ^ Griffith, Battle for Guadalcanal, p. 156 and Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 198–200. The transport ships that had delivered the 7th Marines departed with the approximately 100 survivors of the originally 361-strong 1st Parachute Battalion (Hoffman, Silk Chutes).
 * 54) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 197–198.
 * 55) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. 190–191.
 * 56) ^ Smith, Bloody Ridge, p. vii.

[edit] References

 * Alexander, Joseph H. (2000). Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-020-7.
 * Christ, James F. (2007). Battalion of the Damned: The 1st Marine Paratroopers at Gavutu and Bloody Ridge, 1942. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-114-1.
 * Davis, Donald A. (2005). Lightning Strike: The Secret Mission to Kill Admiral Yamamoto and Avenge Pearl Harbor. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30906-6.
 * Frank, Richard (1990). Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-58875-4.
 * Gilbert, Oscar E. (2001). Marine Tank Battles in the Pacific. Da Capo. ISBN 1-58097-050-8.
 * Griffith, Samuel B. (1963). The Battle for Guadalcanal. Champaign, Illinois, USA: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06891-2.
 * Hubler, Richard G.; Dechant, John A (1944). Flying Leathernecks - The Complete Record of Marine Corps Aviation in Action 1941–1944.. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc.
 * Jersey, Stanley Coleman (2008). Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-616-5.
 * Morison, Samuel Eliot (1958). The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, vol. 5 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-58305-7.
 * Peatross, Oscar F.; John P. McCarthy and John Clayborne (editors) (1995). Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II. Review. ISBN 0-9652325-0-6.
 * Smith, Michael T. (2000). Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal. New York: Pocket. ISBN 0-7434-6321-8.

[edit] Further reading

 * Hoffman, Jon T. (2001). Once a Legend: Red Mike Edson of the Marine Raiders. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-732-X.
 * Rottman, Gordon L.; Dr. Duncan Anderson (consultant editor) (2005). Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43. Oxford and New York: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-870-7.
 * Smith, George W. (2003). The Do-or-Die Men: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion at Guadalcanal. Pocket. ISBN 0-7434-7005-2.
 * Tregaskis, Richard (1943). Guadalcanal Diary. Random House. ISBN 0-679-64023-1.
 * Twining, Merrill B. (1996). No Bended Knee: The Battle for Guadalcanal. Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-549-1.

[edit] External links

 * Anderson, Charles R. (1993).  Guadalcanal . The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-8. http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-8/72-8.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
 * Cagney, James (2005). "The Battle for Guadalcanal" (javascript). HistoryAnimated.com. http://www.historyanimated.com/GuadalcanalPage.html. Retrieved 2006-05-17. - Interactive animation of the battle
 * Chen, C. Peter (2004–2006). "Guadalcanal Campaign". World War II Database. http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=9. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
 * Flahavin, Peter (2004). "Guadalcanal Battle Sites, 1942–2004". http://www.guadalcanal.homestead.com/index.html. Retrieved 2006-08-02. - Web site with many pictures of Guadalcanal battle sites from 1942 and how they look now.
 * Hirose (full name not available) (2007). "Report of a Japanese soldier who was wounded in this battle at hill 80" (in English and German). http://sitekreator.com/hirose/rep1_en.html. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
 * Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). "Edson's Ridge" (brochure). From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War. Marine Corps Historical Center. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003130-00/sec7.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
 * Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). "Tasimboko" (brochure). From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War. Marine Corps Historical Center. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003130-00/sec6.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
 * Hoffman, Jon T.. "Silk Chutes and Hard Fighting: US Marine Corps Parachute Units in World War II: Edson's Ridge". Commemorative series. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. pp. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003147-00/sec6.htm. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
 * Hoffman, Jon T.. "Silk Chutes and Hard Fighting: US. Marine Corps Parachute Units in World War II: Tasimboko". Commemorative series. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. pp. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003147-00/sec5.htm. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
 * Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E., and Shaw, Henry I., Jr.. "Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal". History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.html. Retrieved 2006-05-16.
 * Miller, John Jr. (1995) [1949].  Guadalcanal: The First Offensive . United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 5-3. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/GuadC/GC-fm.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
 * Shaw, Henry I. (1992). "First Offensive: The Marine Campaign For Guadalcanal". Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal/index.html. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
 * Zimmerman, John L. (1949). "The Guadalcanal Campaign". Marines in World War II Historical Monograph. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Guadalcanal.html. Retrieved 2006-07-04.