Archibald Wavell

Field Marshal Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC, PC (5 May 1883 – 24 May 1950) was a British field marshal and the commander of British Army forces in the Middle East during the Second World War. He led British forces to victory over the Italians, only to be defeated by the German1947. {| class="toc" id="toc"

Contents
[hide] *1 Early life
 * 2 Early career
 * 3 First World War
 * 4 Between the wars
 * 5 Second World War military commands
 * 5.1 Middle East Command
 * 5.2 India Command
 * 6 Viceroy of India
 * 7 Later life
 * 8 Family
 * 9 Honours and awards
 * 10 Styles
 * 11 Quotes
 * 12 Publications
 * 13 Footnotes and citations
 * 14 Bibliography
 * 15 External links
 * }

[edit] Early life
Wavell was born in Colchester but spent much of his childhood in India. Wavell's father (Archibald Graham Wavell) was a major-general in the British Army and Wavell followed his father's career choice. Wavell attended the preparatory boarding school Summer Fields, at Oxford, Winchester College, where he was a scholar, seventh on the roll, and Sandhurst.

[edit] Early career
After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Wavell was commissioned on 8 May 1901 into the Black Watch[12] and fought in the Second Boer War. In 1903, he was transferred to India and fought in the Bazar Valley Campaign of February 1908.[13] He was promoted to lieutenant in August 1904[14] and in January 1909 was seconded from his regiment to be a student at the Staff College.[15] In 1911, he spent a year as a military observer with the Russian Army to learn Russian,[13] returning to his regiment in December of that year.[16] In April 1912 he became a Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) in the War Office.[17] In July, he was granted the temporary rank of captain and became GSO3 at the Directorate of Military Training.[18] In March 1913 Wavell was promoted to captain.[19]

[edit] First World War
Wavell was working as a staff officer when the First World War began. As a captain, he was sent to France to a posting at GHQ as General Staff Officer Grade 2 (GSO2), but shortly afterwards, in November 1914, was appointed Brigade Major of 9th Infantry Brigade.[20] He was wounded in the Second Battle of Ypres of 1915, losing his left eye[21] and winning the Military Cross.[22]

In December 1915, after he had recovered, he was appointed to the General Staff as a GSO2.[23] He was promoted to substantive Major in May 1916.[24] In October 1916 Wavell was graded General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) as an acting lieutenant colonel,[25] and was then assigned as a liaison officer to the Russian Army in the Caucasus.[13] In June 1917, he was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25">[26] and continued to work as a staff officer (GSO1),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">[27] as liaison officer with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force headquarters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIM25_12-3">[13]

In January 1918 he received a further staff appointment as Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General (AA&QMG)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27">[28] working at the Supreme War Council in Versailles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unithist_20-1">[21] In March 1918 Wavell was made a temporary brigadier general and returned to Palestine where he served as the brigadier general of the General Staff (BGGS) with XX Corps,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unithist_20-2">[21] part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force commanded by Sir Edmund Allenby, of whom he was later to write a biography.

[edit] Between the wars
Wavell was given a number of assignments between the wars, though like many officers he had to accept a reduction in rank. In May 1920 he relinquished the temporary rank of brigadier general, reverting to brevet lieutenant colonel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28">[29] In December 1921, still a brevet lieutenant colonel, he became an Assistant Adjutant General (AAG) at the War Office<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29">[30] and in July 1923 was once again working as a GSO1,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30">[31] having been promoted full Colonel in July 1922, effective June 1921.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31">[32]

Apart from a short period unemployed on half pay in 1926,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32">[33] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33">[34] Wavell continued to hold GSO1 appointments, latterly in the 3rd Infantry Division, until July 1930 when he was once again granted the rank of temporary brigadier and was given command of 6th Infantry Brigade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34">[35] In March 1932, he was appointed ADC to the King,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35">[36] a position he held until October 1933 when he was promoted to major general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37">[38] However, there was a shortage of jobs for major generals at this time and in January 1934, on relinquishing command of his brigade, he found himself unemployed on half pay once again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">[39]

By the end of the year, although still on half pay, he had been designated to command 2nd Division and was made CB.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CB_2-1">[3] In March 1935, he took command of his division.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">[40] In August 1937 he was transferred to Palestine, where there was growing unrest, to be General Officer Commanding (GOC) British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">[41] and was promoted to lieutenant general in January 1938.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41">[42]

In April 1938 he became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Southern Command in the UK.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42">[43] In July 1939, he was named as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Middle East Command with the local rank of full general.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43">[44]

[edit] Middle East Command
The Middle Eastern theatre was quiet for the first few months of the war until Italy's declaration of war in June 1940. The Italian forces in North and East Africa greatly outnumbered the British and Wavell's policy was therefore one of "flexible containment" to buy time to build up adequate forces to take the offensive. Having fallen back in front of Italian advances from Libya, Eritrea and Ethiopia, Wavell mounted successful offensives into Libya (Operation Compass) in December 1940 and Eritrea and Ethiopia in January 1941. By February 1941, his Western Desert Force under Lieutenant General Richard O'Connor had defeated the Italian Tenth Army at Beda Fomm taking 130,000 prisoners and appeared to be on the verge of overrunning the last Italian forces in Libya, which would have ended all direct Axis control in North Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44">[45] Furthermore, his troops in East Africa had the Italians under pressure and at the end of March his forces in Eritrea under William Platt won the decisive battle of the campaign at Keren which led to the occupation of the Italian colonies in Ethiopia and Somaliland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45">[46] Wavell (right) meets Lt. General Quinan, commander of British and Indian Army forces in Iraq in April 1941.However, in February Wavell had been ordered to halt his advance into Libya and send troops to Greece where the Germans and Italians were attacking. He disagreed with this decision but followed his orders. The result was a disaster. The Germans were given the opportunity to reinforce the Italians in North Africa with the Afrika Korps and by the end of April the weakened Western Desert Force had been pushed all the way back to the Egyptian border, leaving Tobruk under siege.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead475_46-0">[47] In Greece General Wilson's Force W was unable to set up an adequate defence on the Greek mainland and were forced to withdraw to Crete, suffering 15,000 casualties and leaving behind all their heavy equipment and artillery. Crete was attacked by German airborne forces on 20 May and as in Greece, the British and Commonwealth troops were forced once more to evacuate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead475_46-1">[47]

Events in Greece provoked a pro-Axis faction to take over the government of Iraq. Wavell, hard pressed on his other fronts, was unwilling to divert precious resources to Iraq and so it fell to Claude Auchinleck's India Command to send troops to Basra. Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, saw Iraq as vital to Britain's strategic interests and in early May, under heavy pressure from London, Wavell agreed to send a division-sized force across the desert from Palestine to relieve the besieged British air base at Habbaniya and to assume overall control of troops in Iraq. By the end of May Quinan's forces in Iraq had captured Baghdad and the Anglo-Iraqi War had ended with troops in Iraq once more reverting to the overall control of GHQ in Delhi. However, Churchill had been unimpressed by Wavell's reluctance to act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead475_46-2">[47]

In early June Wavell sent a force under General Wilson to invade Syria and Lebanon, responding to the help given by the Vichy France authorities there to the Iraq Government during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Initial hopes of a quick victory faded as the French put up a determined defence. Churchill determined to relieve Wavell and after the failure in mid June of Operation Battleaxe, intended to relieve Tobruk, he told Wavell on 20 June that he was to be replaced by Auchinleck, whose attitude during the Iraq crisis had impressed him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead476_47-0">[48] Rommel rated Wavell highly, despite Wavell's lack of success against him, and he carried an annotated translation of his book Generals and Generalship in his pocket throughout the North Africa Campaign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead480_48-0">[49]

Of Wavell, Auchinleck wrote: "In no sense do I wish to infer that I found an unsatisfactory situation on my arrival – far from it. Not only was I greatly impressed by the solid foundations laid by my predecessor, but I was also able the better to appreciate the vastness of the problems with which he had been confronted and the greatness of his achievements, in a command in which some 40 different languages are spoken by the British and Allied Forces."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49">[50]

[edit] India Command
Wavell in effect swapped jobs with Auchinleck, transferring to India where he became Commander-in-Chief, India and a member of the Governor General's Executive Council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50">[51] Initially his command covered India and Iraq so that within a month of taking charge he launched Iraqforce to invade Persia in co-operation with the Russians in order to secure the oilfields and secure lines of communication to the Soviet Union.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead476_47-1">[48]

Wavell once again had the misfortune of being placed in charge of an undermanned theatre which became a war zone when the Japanese declared war on the United Kingdom in December 1941. He was made Commander-in-Chief of ABDACOM (American-British-Dutch-Australian Command)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51">[52] covering Burma, Malaya, Dutch East Indies and the Philippines. Wavell, despite his abilities, did not have the resources to defend the territory he was responsible for and was unable to prevent the Japanese from capturing Singapore and Malaya.

Late at night on 10 February 1942, Wavell prepared to board a flying boat, to fly from Singapore to Java. He stepped out of a staff car, not noticing (because of his blind left eye) that it was parked at the edge of a pier. He broke two bones in his back when he fell, and this injury affected his temperament for some time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52">[53]

On 23 February 1942, with Malaya lost and the Allied position in Java and Sumatra precarious, ABDACOM was closed down and its headquarters in Java evacuated. Wavell returned to India to resume his position as C-in-C India where his responsibilities now included the defence of Burma.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead478_53-0">[54] Wavell (right) with Brooke-Popham in WW IIOn 23 February British forces in Burma had suffered a serious setback when Major-General Jackie Smyth's decision to destroy the bridge over the Sittang river to prevent the enemy crossing had resulted in most of his division being trapped on the wrong side of the river. The Viceroy Lord Linlithgow sent a signal criticising the conduct of the field commanders to Churchill who forwarded it to Wavell together with an offer to send Harold Alexander, who had commanded the rearguard at Dunkirk. Alexander took command of Allied land forces in Burma in early March<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead478_53-1">[54] with William Slim arriving shortly afterwards from commanding a division in Iraq to take command of its principal formation, Burma Corps. Nevertheless, the pressure from the Japanese Armies was unstoppable and a withdrawal to India was ordered which was completed by the end of May before the start of the monsoon season which brought Japanese progress to a halt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead479_54-0">[55]

In order to wrest some of the initiative from the Japanese, Wavell ordered the Eastern Army in India to mount an offensive in the Arakan, which commenced in September. After some initial success the Japanese counter-attacked, and by March 1943 the position was untenable, and the remnants of the attacking force was withdrawn. Wavell relieved the Eastern Army commander, Noel Irwin, of his command and replaced him with George Giffard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead479_54-1">[55]

[edit] Viceroy of India
In January 1943 Wavell had been promoted to Field Marshal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55">[56] When Linlinthgow retired as viceroy in the summer of 1943, Wavell was chosen to replace him,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead480_48-1">[49] surprisingly, given his poor relationship with Churchill. He himself was again replaced in his military post in June by Auchinleck, who by this point had also experienced setbacks in North Africa. In 1943, Wavell was created a viscount (taking the style Viscount Wavell of Cyrenaica and of Winchester, in the county of Southampton)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56">[57] and in September, he was formally named Governor-General<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57">[58] and Viceroy of India. He was also appointed as a Privy Counsellor.

One of his first actions in office was to address the Bengal famine of 1943 by ordering the army to distribute relief supplies to the starving rural Bengalis. He attempted with mixed success to increase the supplies of rice to reduce the prices and make it more affordable. Wavell as Viceroy of India (centre), with the C-in-C of the Indian Army Auchinleck (right) and Montgomery.Although Wavell was initially popular with Indian politicians, pressure mounted concerning the likely structure and timing of an independent India. He attempted to move the debate along but received little support from Churchill (who was against Indian independence), nor from Clement Attlee, Churchill's successor as Prime Minister. He was also hampered by the differences between the various Indian political factions. At the end of the war, rising Indian expectations continued to be unfulfilled and inter-communal violence became an increasing feature. Eventually, in 1947, Attlee lost confidence in Wavell and replaced him with Lord Mountbatten of Burma.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead480_48-2">[49]

[edit] Later life
In 1947 Wavell returned to England and was made High Steward of Colchester. The same year, he was created Earl Wavell and given the additional title of Viscount Keren of Eritrea and Winchester.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58">[59]

Wavell was a great lover of literature, and while Viceroy of India he compiled and annotated an anthology of great poetry, Other Men's Flowers, which was published in 1944. He wrote the last poem in the anthology himself and described it as a "...little wayside dandelion of my own".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mead481_59-0">[60] He had a great memory for poetry and often quoted it at length. He is depicted in Evelyn Waugh's novel "Officers and Gentlemen", part of the Sword of Honour trilogy, reciting a translation of Callimachus's poetry in public.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60">[61]

He was a member of the Church of England and a deeply religious man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61">[62]

Wavell died on 24 May 1950 after a relapse following abdominal surgery on 5 May.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62">[63] After his death, his body lay in state at the Tower of London where he had been Constable. A military funeral was held on 7 June 1950 with the funeral procession travelling along the Thames from the Tower to Westminster Pier and then to Westminster Abbey for the funeral service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63">[64] This was the first military funeral by river since that of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson in 1806.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64">[65] The funeral was attended by the then Prime Minister Clement Attlee, Lord Halifax, and fellow officers including Field Marshals Alanbrooke and Montgomery. Winston Churchill did not attend the service.

Wavell is buried in the old mediaeval cloister at Winchester College, next to the Chantry Chapel. His tombstone simply bears the inscription "Wavell". St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65">[66] an Army church, contains a large wooden plaque dedicated to Lord Wavell.

Wavell Heights, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, was named in his honour in 1941, after a request by the Brisbane City Council to rename an area which had been previously known as West Nundah. In addition, Wavell Avenue in Colchester, Essex, is named after him.

[edit] Family
Wavell married Eugenie Marie Quirk, only daughter of Col J O Quirk CB DSO, on 22 April 1915.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66">[67]

Children: (1) 27 January 1943 Maj Hon Simon Nevill Astley (b. 13 August 1919; d. 16 March 1946), 2nd son of Albert Edward Delaval [Astley], 21st Baron Hastings, by his wife Lady Margueritte Helen Nevill, only child by his second wife of Henry Gilbert Ralph [Nevill], 3rd Marquess of Abergavenny.
 * Archibald John Arthur Wavell, later 2nd Earl Wavell, b. 11 May 1916.
 * Eugenie Pamela Wavell, b. 2 December 1918, married 14 March 1942 Lt Col A F W Humphrys MBE.
 * Felicity Ann Wavell, b. 21 July 1921, married 20 February 1947 Capt P M Longmore MC, son of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore.
 * Joan Patricia Quirk Wavell, b. 23 April 1923, married

(2) 19 June 1948 Maj Harry Alexander Gordon MC (d. 19 June 1965), 2nd son of Cdr Alastair Gordon DSO RN.

(3) Maj Donald Struan Robertson (d. 1991), son of the Rt Hon Sir Malcolm Arnold Robertson GCMG KBE.

[edit] Honours and awards

 * Privy Counsellor 1943
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 4 March 1941 (KCB 2 January 1939, CB 1 January 1935)
 * Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India 1943
 * Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire 1943
 * Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George 1 January 1919
 * Military Cross 3 June 1915
 * Mention in Despatches 22 June 1915, 4 January 1917, 22 January 1919
 * Chief Commander, Legion of Merit (United States) 23 July 1948
 * Grand Cross, Order of George I with Swords (Greece) 9 May 1941
 * Order of the Cloud and Banner (China)
 * Order of the Star of Nepal
 * Grand Cross, Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands) 15 January 1943
 * War Cross 1939–1945 (Czechoslovakia) 23 July 1943
 * Commander, Order of the Seal of Solomon (Ethiopia) 5 May 1942
 * War Cross, 1st Class (Greece) 10 April 1942
 * Virtuti Militari, 5th Class (Poland) 23 September 1941
 * Order of El Nahda, 2nd Class (Hejaz) 30 September 1920
 * Order of the Nile, 3rd Class (Egypt)
 * Commandeur, Légion d'honneur (France) 7 May 1920
 * Order of St Stanislaus, 3rd class with Swords (Russia)1 5 February 1917
 * Order of St Vladimir (Russia) 1917
 * Queen's South African Medal, Clasps: Orange Free State, Transvaal, South Africa 1901, South Africa 1902
 * NW Frontier of India 1908 Medal & Clasp
 * 1914 Star
 * British War Medal
 * Victory Medal
 * Palestine 1936–39 Medal & Clasp

[edit] Styles

 * 1883–1901: Archibald Percival Wavell
 * 1901–1904: Second Lieutenant Archibald Percival Wavell
 * 1904 – July 1912: Lieutenant Archibald Percival Wavell
 * July 1912 – 1913: Lieutenant (Temp. Captain) Archibald Percival Wavell
 * 1913–1915: Captain Archibald Percival Wavell
 * 1915–1916: Major Archibald Percival Wavell, MC
 * 1916–1917: Major (Actg. Lieutenant-Colonel) Archibald Percival Wavell, MC
 * 1917–1918: Major (Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel) Archibald Percival Wavell, MC
 * 1918–1919: Major (Bvt. Brigadier-General) Archibald Percival Wavell, MC
 * 1919–1920: Major (Bvt. Brigadier-General) Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC
 * 1920–1922: Major (Bvt. Lieutenant-Colonel) Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC
 * 1922–1930: Colonel Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC
 * 1930–1932: Colonel (Temp. Brigadier) Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC
 * 1932–1933: Colonel (Temp. Brigadier) Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC, ADC
 * 1933–1935: Major-General Archibald Percival Wavell, CMG, MC
 * 1935–1938: Major-General Archibald Percival Wavell, CB, CMG, MC
 * 1938– January 1939: Lieutenant-General Archibald Percival Wavell, CB, CMG, MC
 * January–July 1939: Lieutenant-General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, KCB, CMG, MC
 * July 1939 – 1941: Lieutenant-General (Local General) Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, KCB, CMG, MC
 * 1941 – January 1943: His Excellency General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, GCB, CMG, MC
 * January–July 1943: His Excellency Field Marshal Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, GCB, CMG, MC
 * July–September 1943: His Excellency Field Marshal The Right Honourable the Viscount Wavell, GCB, CMG, MC
 * September 1943 – 1947: His Excellency Field Marshal The Right Honourable the Viscount Wavell, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC
 * 1947–1950: Field Marshal The Right Honourable the Earl Wavell, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC

[edit] Quotes

 * "I think he (Benito Mussolini) must do something, if he cannot make a graceful dive he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can hardly put on his dressing-gown and walk down the stairs again."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67">[68]
 * "After the 'war to end war' they seem to have been pretty successful in Paris at making a 'Peace to end Peace.'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68">[69] (commenting on the treaties ending the First World War; this quotation was the basis for the title of Fromkin, David (1989), A Peace to End All Peace, New York: Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-6884-8)
 * "Let us be clear about three facts: First, all battles and all wars are won in the end by the infantryman. Secondly, the infantryman always bears the brunt. His casualties are heavier, he suffers greater extremes of discomfort and fatigue than the other arms. Thirdly, the art of the infantryman is less stereotyped and far harder to acquire in modern war than that of any other arm."<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[citation needed] [5] Field Marshal Earl Wavell

[edit] Publications

 * Tsar Nicholas II by Andrei Georgievich Elchaninov, translated by Archibald Percival Wavell (Hugh Rees, London, 1913).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIM25_12-4">[13]
 * Official Middle East Despatches December 1940 to February 1941 published in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37628. pp. 3261–3269. 25 June 1946.
 * Official Middle East Despatches February 1941 to July 1941 published in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37638. pp. 3423–3444. 2 July 1946.
 * Official Iran, Iraq and Syria Despatches April 1941 to January 1942 published in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37685. pp. 4093–4101. 13 August 1946.
 * Official India Despatches March 1942 to December 1942 published in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37728. pp. 4663–4671. 17 September 1946.
 * Other men's flowers; an anthology of poetry. London: J. Cape. 1977 [1944]. OCLC 10681637.
 * Wavell: the viceroy's journal. London: Oxford University Press. 1973. ISBN 0-19-211723-8.
 * Generals and generalship; the Lees Knowles lectures delivered at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1939. London: Times Publishing. 1941. OCLC 5176549.
 * Soldiers and soldiering; or, Epithets of war. London: J. Cape. 1953. OCLC 123277730.
 * The good soldier. London: MacMillan. 1948. OCLC 6834669.
 * The Palestine campaigns. London: Constable. 1933. OCLC 221723716.
 *  Allenby, a study in greatness: the biography of Field-Marshal Viscount Allenby of Megiddo and Felixstowe, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. . London: Harrap. 1940–43. OCLC 224016319. http://www.archive.org/details/allenbyastudying012106mbp.
 * Allenby, soldier and statesman. London: White Lion. 1974 [1946]. ISBN 0-85617-408-4.
 * Speaking generally; broadcasts, orders and addresses in time of war (1939–43). London: MacMillan. 1946. OCLC 2172221.

[edit] Footnotes and citations
;citations
 * footnotes
 * 1) ^ London Gazette: no. 35094. p. 1303. 4 March 1941. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 2) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34585. p. 3. 30 December 1938. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 3) ^ a b London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34119. p. 4. 28 December 1934. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 4) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31093. p. 52. 31 December 1918. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 5) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35863. p. 323. 12 January 1943. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
 * 6) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29945. p. 1601. 13 August 1917. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 7) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32069. p. 9606. 28 September 1920. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 8) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31890. p. 5228. 4 May 1920. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 9) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35519. p. 1595. 7 April 1942. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 10) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36103. p. 3319. 20 July 1943. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
 * 11) ^ London Gazette: no. 36315. p. 114. 4 January 1944. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
 * 12) ^ London Gazette: no. 27311. p. 3130. 7 May 1901. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 13) ^ a b c d e AIM25:Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London: Wavell
 * 14) ^ London Gazette: no. 27710. p. 5697. 2 September 1904. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 15) ^ London Gazette: no. 28221. p. 946. 5 February 1909. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 16) ^ London Gazette: no. 28578. p. 881. 6 February 1912. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 17) ^ London Gazette: no. 28597. p. 2585. 9 April 1912. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 18) ^ London Gazette: no. 28626. p. 5083. 12 July 1912. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 19) ^ London Gazette: no. 28720. p. 3592. 20 May 1913. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 20) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 28994. p. 10278. 1 December 1914. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 21) ^ a b c Houterman & Koppes
 * 22) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29202. p. 6118. 22 June 1915. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 23) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29389. p. 12037. 30 November 1915. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 24) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 29605. p. 5439. 30 May 1916. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 25) ^ London Gazette: no. 30002. p. 3001. 27 March 1917. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 26) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30111. p. 5465. 1 June 1917. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 27) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30178. p. 6953. 10 July 1917. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 28) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30528. p. 2130. 15 February 1918. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 29) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31893. p. 5345. 7 May 1920. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 30) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32568. p. 143. 5 January 1922. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 31) ^ London Gazette: no. 32844. p. 4854. 13 July 1923. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 32) ^ London Gazette: no. 32728. p. 5204. 11 July 1922. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 33) ^ London Gazette: no. 33123. p. 299. 12 January 1926. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 34) ^ London Gazette: no. 33219. p. 7255. 9 November 1926. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 35) ^ London Gazette: no. 33623. p. 4271. 8 July 1930. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 36) ^ London Gazette: no. 33807. p. 1679. 11 March 1931. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 37) ^ London Gazette: no. 33992. p. 7107. 3 November 1933. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 38) ^ London Gazette: no. 33987. p. 6692. 17 October 1933. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 39) ^ London Gazette: no. 34015. p. 390. 16 January 1934. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 40) ^ London Gazette: no. 34143. p. 1905. 19 March 1935. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 41) ^ London Gazette: no. 34430. p. 5439. 27 August 1937. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 42) ^ London Gazette: no. 34482. p. 968. 15 February 1938. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 43) ^ London Gazette: no. 34506. p. 2781. 28 April 1938. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 44) ^ London Gazette: no. 34650. p. 5311. 1 August 1939. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
 * 45) ^ Mead (2007), p. 473
 * 46) ^ Mead (2007), pp. 473–475
 * 47) ^ a b c Mead (2007), p. 475
 * 48) ^ a b Mead (2007), p. 476
 * 49) ^ a b c Mead (2007), p. 480
 * 50) ^ Auchinleck, p. 4215
 * 51) ^ London Gazette: no. 35222. p. 4152. 18 July 1941. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 52) ^ Klemen, L (1999-2000). "General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell". Dutch East Indies Campaign website. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/wavell.html.
 * 53) ^ Allen, Louis (1984). Burma: The Longest War. J.M. Dent and Sons. pp. 644–645. ISBN 0-460-02474-4.
 * 54) ^ a b Mead (2007), p. 478
 * 55) ^ a b Mead (2007), p. 479
 * 56) ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35841. p. 33. 29 December 1942. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
 * 57) ^ London Gazette: no. 36105. p. 3340. 23 July 1943. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
 * 58) ^ London Gazette: no. 36208. p. 4513. 12 October 1943. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
 * 59) ^ London Gazette: no. 37956. p. 2190. 16 May 1947. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
 * 60) ^ Mead (2007), p. 481
 * 61) ^ Alex Frame, Flying Boats: My Father's War in the Mediterranean, Victoria University Press, 2008, p.90.
 * 62) ^ Our War Leaders in Peacetime – Wavell
 * 63) ^ Lord Wavell, British War Leader, Dies Oxnard Press-Courier, 24 May 1950
 * 64) ^ A GREAT SOLDIER PASSES – British Pathé
 * 65) ^ Lord Wavell Given Hero’s Funeral In Heat Wave Like Africa Desert The Montreal Gazette, 8 June 1950
 * 66) ^ St Andrew's Garrison Church, Aldershot website
 * 67) ^ Wavell, Earl (UK, 1947 – 1953) – Cracroft's Peerage
 * 68) ^ Quoted in Axelrod, Alan 2008, The Real History of World War II, p. 180, Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-4027-4090-9
 * 69) ^ Pagden, Anthony (2008).  Worlds at War: The 2,500-year Struggle between East and West . Oxford University Press US. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-19-923743-2. http://books.google.ie/books?id=m80kwkt8YW4C&pg=PA407&dq=%22war+to+end+war%22+lloyd+george&hl=en&ei=Q6tzTKa8E8ebOJ7BoNoI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22war%20to%20end%20war%22&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[edit] Bibliography

 * Auchinleck, Claude (1946). Despatch on Operations in the Middle East From 5 July 1941 to 31 October 1941. London: War Office. in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37695. pp. 4215–4230. 20 August 1946. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
 * Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen. "World War II unit histories and officers". Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. http://www.unithistories.com/default.asp. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
 * Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. pp. 544 pages. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
 * "AIM25 archive website". Research Support Libraries Programme. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. http://www.aim25.ac.uk/intro.stm. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
 * Wavell, Archibald (1946). Official despatch: Operations in East Africa, November 1940 – 12 July 1941. London: War Office. in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37645. pp. 3527–3599. 10 July 1946. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
 * Wavell, Archibald (1946). Despatch on Operations in Iraq, East Syria and Iran from 10 April 1941 to 12 January 1942. London: War Office. in London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37685. pp. 4093–4102. 13 August 1946. Retrieved 14 October 2009.